Summary

Summary ATPL - 021 - AGK

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Course
ATPL théorique

Institution
ATPL Théorique

ATPL - 021 - AGK refers to a section of the Airline Pilot License (ATPL) program that focuses on the study of aircraft systems and general knowledge (AGK). Here are the key points that could be summarized in this area: Aircraft structures: Understanding of the main components, such as wings, fus...

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Uploaded on December 19, 2024
Number of pages 23
Written in 2023/2024
Type Summary

agk
atpl
021
airplane
electricity
theoretical atpl

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ELECTRICS
1
–
BASIC
DIRECT
CURRENY
THEORY

ELECTRIC
CHARGES
ELECTRICAL
FORCE
KIRCHOFF’S
LAWS

• Electron
=
-‐-‐
ve
• EMF
/
potential
difference
• 1
Law
=
Sum
of
the
currents
entering
a

st

• Proton
=
+
ve
• Potential
is
always
present
even
if
circuit
junction
must
equal
sum
of
currents
exiting.

• Neutron
=
No
charge
is
open
(eg/
waterfall
and
dam)

• Voltmeter
connected
in
parallel
• 2nd
Law
=
In
any
closed
circuit
the
sum
of

• Usually
electrons
and
protons
are
equal
and
• Voltmeter
must
have
high
resistance.
the
voltage
drops
equals
the
supply
voltage.

the
atom
is
in
equilibrium.
• Has
symbol
V
or
U.
Measured
in
volts.

• Ionization
upsets
the
balance
of
electrons

and
atom
ends
up
with
a
net
charge.
RESISTANCE
POWER
(WATTS)

!!
• Specific
resistance
is
the
resistance
offered
• 𝑃 = 𝑉 𝑥 𝐼 = 𝐼 ! 𝑅 =

!
CONDUCTORS
&
ISULATORS
by
a
cube
of
material
at
00C.
This
allows
for

comparisons
of
materials.

• The
outer
shell
=
Valence
sheet
and
the
• Conductance
is
the
reciprocal
of
resistance.
WEATSTONE
BRIDGE

electrons
within
are
valence
electrons.

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
• Few
valence
electrons
=
conductor
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝑪𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒙 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄 𝑹 (p)
• When
the
circuit
is
balanced
the

• Lots
of
valence
electrons
=
insulator

galvanometer
(very
sensitive
ammeter)

• Approx
4
=
semi-‐conductor
• Positive
temperature
coefficient
=
reads
zero.

resistance
increases
with
temp
increase
• R1
x
R3
=
R2
x
RX

(most
conductors).

TYPES
OF
DRIFT
• Negative
temperature
coefficient
found
in

insulators
and
semi-‐conductors.
FINDING
VOLTAGE
DROP

• Random
drift

Directed
drift
(electron
flow)
𝑅!
• • Resistors
in
series:
RT
=
R1
+
R2
+
R3
𝑉! = × 𝑉!

• Electron
Flow
=
-‐-‐
VE
to
+
VE
! !
• In
parallel:
! = ! + ! + !

! ! 𝑅!
• Conventional
Flow
=
+
VE
to
-‐
VE
! ! ! !

• More
resistors,
when
added
in
parallel,
will

ELECTRICAL
CURRENTS
cause
total
resistance
to
decrease
and

current
increase
(assuming
V
is
constant).

𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒔
• 𝑨𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒆 = 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔

• The
coulomb
=
6.25
x
1018
electrons.
OHM’S
LAW

• I
=
Q
/
t

• Ammeter
connected
in
series.
• V
(Voltage)
=
I
(Current)
x
R
(Resistance)

, ELECTRICS
2
–
AIRCRAFT
WIRING
AND
PROTECTIONS

CIRCUIT
LIMITER

DIPOLE
/
TWO
–
WIRE
SYSTEM
SHORT
CIRCUITS

• Will
allow
for
a
high
transient
load.

• Mainly
used
on
aircraft
constructed
from
• Occurs
when
the
load
is
bypassed.
• Only
breaks
with
high
continuous
overload.

non-‐conductive
/
non-‐metallic
materials.
• Extremely
high
current
will
flow
due
to
• Normally
used
to
protect
heavy
duty
circuits
such
as

negligible
resistance.
the
bus
bar.

• Can
cause
damage
to
circuit
/
burn
cables
/
• Constructed
of
a
high
melting
point
filament
in
a

ceramic
housing.

UNIPOLE
SYSTEM
cause
a
fire.

CIRCUIT
BREAKERS

• A.K.A:
Single
Pole
/
Earth
Return
System

• Metallic
airframe
acts
as
the
return
path

• Can
be
reset
so
no
spare
fuses
required.

between
load
and
the
power
source.

• Can
be
used
as
switches
to
aid
in
diagnosis

• Reduces
wiring
and
saves
space

• When
popped,
a
white
band
will
show.

• Low
resistance
–
Due
to
big
cross
section

• Protects
system
in
event
of
overload
/

• Saves
weight

OPEN
CIRCUITS
overheating.
Fitted
in
series.

• Easier
to
trace
origin
of
wiring
faults.
Can
be
used
in
both
AC
&
DC
circuits.

•
• Short
circuits
are
more
likely
however.

• When
there
is
a
break
in
a
conductor.
• Can
be
thermal
(bi-‐metallic)
or
magnetic.

• Load
becomes
inoperative
like
opening
a
o Magnetic
is
quicker
to
respond
as
it

switch.
does
not
rely
on
heating.

COMMON
REFERENCE
POINT
Thermal
CB
protects
the
system
in
the
event

•

of
a
prolonged
overcurrent
(delayed
due
to

• Earth
is
always
0
V
time
taken
to
heat
bi-‐metallic
strip)

• If
earth
is
at
–
ve
terminal:
• CB
should
only
be
re-‐set
if
necessary
for

o “Negative
Earth”
safe
flight
and
landing
and
fault
has
been

o +
ve
battery
terminal
is
12
V
rectified.

• If
earth
is
at
+
ve
terminal:
• Only
one
reset
should
be
attempted.

o “Positive
Earth”
FUSES

o -‐
ve
battery
terminal
is
-‐12
V

• Spare
Fuses
-‐
10%
with
a
minimum
of
3
for
each
NON
–
TRIP
FREE
CB

• In
either
case,
the
PD
is
still
12
V
(not
+12
V
rating.

or
–
12V)
• Rated
in
amperes
(A)
• The
CB
can
be
held
in
against
the
fault

o The
amp
capacity
of
device
to
be
protected
however
which
can
cause
damage.

should
be
checked
before
installing.

• Constructed
of
a
low
melting
point
filament
in
a

glass
or
ceramic
envelope.

• Located
as
near
to
the
supply
as
possible.

• Only
ever
replace
once
in
flight.

, ELECTRICS
2
–
AIRCRAFT
WIRING
AND
PROTECTIONS

TRIP
FREE
CB
CAUSES
OF
STATIC
ELECTRICITY
GROUNDING

• Secondary
contact
prevents
early
re-‐set.
• Friction
(Skin
&
Propellers)
• Will
equalise
the
airframe
to
0V
and

• It
is
not
possible
to
hold
the
contacts
closed
• Lightning
remove
the
static
charge
that
has
built
up

while
current
fault
exists.
• Electrical
circuits
&
equipment
during
flight.

EFFECTS
OF
STATIC
ELECTRICITY
STATIC
DISCHARGE
WICKS

• Materials
attract
/
repel
each
other.
• If
a
static
charge
on
the
aircraft
fails
to

• Sparks
and
associated
fire
risk.
dissipate,
corona
discharge
occurs.
(Min

• ‘Pitting’
of
materials
leading
to
corrosion.
radii
/
causes
glow
+
interference)

• Interference
with
radio
equipment.
• Static
discharge
wicks
on
the
trailing
edges:

MECHANICAL
SWITCHES

• St
Elmo’s
Fire
o Safely
dissipate
static
charges

o Minimise
radio
interference

o Limit
risk
of
transfer
of
electrical

BONDING
charges
between
aircraft
and
electrified

clouds.

• Bonding
is
the
connection
of
two
or
more

metallic
objects
by
means
of
a
conductor.

LANDING
PROTECTION

• Achieved
using
bonding
strips.

• Creates
a
faraday
cage.
• Earthing
strips
or
semi-‐conductive
tyres
are

• A
electrical
path
of
negligible
resistance
is
used
to
eqaulise
to
earth
potential.

created
throughout
the
structure.

LIGHTNING
STRIKES

STATIC
ELECTRICITY
PURPOSE
OF
BONDING

• Some
components
may
become
magnetised

• “A
build
up
of
electrical
charge
on
the
• Equalising
of
static
charges
/
potential
if
struck
and
compass
becomes
inaccurate.

surface
objects.”
• Provide
a
single
earth
for
unipole
system
• Some
electrical
systems
may
also
fail.

• Occurs
when
electrons
are
transferred
• Safe
transmission
of
lightning
discharges

between

materials.
A.K.A
Tribolectric
• Reduce
interference
(sign
of
poor
bonding)

SCREENING

effect.
• Prevention
of
electric
shocks

• Most
likely
in
dry
/
low
humidity
air
or
in
• Prevention
of
static
discharges
(fire
haz)

• Enclosing
of
cables
in
a
continuous
metal

extreme
turbulence.
• Provides
safe
distribution
of
electrical

sheath
to
reduce
radio
interference.

charges
and
currents

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