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Samenvatting Geschiedenis van Rusland - informatie slides en lesnotities
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Geschiedenis van Rusland (2024-2025)Examen ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
H1 ‘Rusland’ en de ‘Russen’ ................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Land en volk .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Geografie en klimaat vs. historische ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................... 5
H2 De vroegste tijden ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
De nomadische fase ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Sedentaire fase ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
H3 Kiëv-Roes........................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Ontstaan ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Dynastiek overzicht ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Interne organisatie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Consolidatie, expansie & internationale betrekkingen .............................................................................................................. 18
H4 De desintegratie van Kiëv-Roes/De ‘Russische’ vorstendommen ....................................................................................... 19
Verbrokkeling: algemeen .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Feodale verbrokkeling ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Desintegratie door externe factoren ............................................................................................................................................ 22
H5 De opkomst van Moskovië/ H6 De Moskovische instellingen .............................................................................................. 25
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Het Mongools bestuur ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Mongolen = ramp of zegen of …? ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Het verzamelen van de ‘Roes-landen’ ........................................................................................................................................... 28
H7 Het Moskovië van Ivan IV: Imperiale staat en absolute monarchie ..................................................................................... 38
Ivan IV ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Interne politiek ................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Externe politiek .................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
H8 Troebele tijden ................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Fjodor I ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Dynastieke crisis ................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
Sociale crisis: Sjoejski ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Internationale crisis............................................................................................................................................................................ 51
Een nieuwe tsaar ................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
Balans .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
H9 De vroegste Romanovs & H10 Oekraïne en Belaroes in de Pools-Litouwse Unie ......................................................... 53
Dynastiek overzicht ........................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Buitenlandse politiek (uitbreiding van het gebied x3!) .............................................................................................................. 54
Binnenlandse ontwikkelingen .......................................................................................................................................................... 60
H11 Peter I ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Peters formative years Begin van modernere periode in de Russische geschiedenis .......................................................... 65
1
, Buitenlandse politiek ......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Binnenlandse politiek......................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Evaluatie ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 74
H12 De gouden eeuw van adel ........................................................................................................................................................... 75
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Dynastiek overzicht en interne ontwikkelingen ......................................................................................................................... 75
Buitenlandse politiek ......................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Interne ontwikkelingen ..................................................................................................................................................................... 84
H12.1 Het keizerrijk op zijn hoogtepunt: Aleksandr I ................................................................................................................... 88
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 88
Dynastiek overzicht ........................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Aleksandr I ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Buitenlandse politiek ......................................................................................................................................................................... 88
Binnenlandse politiek......................................................................................................................................................................... 93
H12.2 Het keizerrijk op zijn hoogtepunt: Nikolaj I ........................................................................................................................ 97
Nikolaj I (1825-1855) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 97
Buitenlandse politiek ......................................................................................................................................................................... 98
Binnenlandse politiek...................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Oppositie........................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
H13.1 Het keizerrijk hervormd : Aleksander II............................................................................................................................ 107
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Binnenlands beleid........................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Algemeen .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 117
H13.2 Het keizerrijk hervormd: Aleksandr III .............................................................................................................................. 119
Aleksandr III (1881-1894).............................................................................................................................................................. 119
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 119
Binnenlands beleid........................................................................................................................................................................... 120
H14.1 Een constituele monarchie: Nikolaj II................................................................................................................................. 122
Nikolaj II (1894-1917) .................................................................................................................................................................... 122
Buitenlandse politiek (voor WO I) ............................................................................................................................................. 122
Binnenlandse ontwikkelingen (voor 1905) ................................................................................................................................ 127
Oppositie........................................................................................................................................................................................... 128
De constitutionele monrachie ..................................................................................................................................................... 130
Wereldoorlog I ................................................................................................................................................................................ 134
H15 Oorlog en Revolutie .................................................................................................................................................................. 137
Februarirevolutie ............................................................................................................................................................................. 137
Periode van dubbele macht........................................................................................................................................................... 137
Oktoberrevolutie ............................................................................................................................................................................ 141
H16 De consolidatie van de Sovjet-Unie ....................................................................................................................................... 142
Revolutie ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 142
2
, Consolidatie communistische staat............................................................................................................................................. 148
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 149
Opvolging van Lenin ....................................................................................................................................................................... 150
H17 Socialisme in één land ................................................................................................................................................................ 151
Josif Stalin (1924-1953) .................................................................................................................................................................. 151
Het interbellum: binnenlandse ontwikkelingen ........................................................................................................................ 151
Het interbellum: buitenlandse politiek ....................................................................................................................................... 156
WO II / Tweede Grote Vaderlandse Oorlog .......................................................................................................................... 158
Na Wo II: buitenlandse politiek ................................................................................................................................................... 162
Stalins dood ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 166
H18 Nikita Chroesjtsjov .................................................................................................................................................................... 166
Nikita Chroesjtsjov (1953-1964)................................................................................................................................................. 166
Binnenlandse politiek...................................................................................................................................................................... 166
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 168
De val van Chroesjtsjov................................................................................................................................................................. 171
H19 Leonid Brezjnev .......................................................................................................................................................................... 171
Leonid Brezjnev (1964-1982) ....................................................................................................................................................... 171
Binnenlandse politiek...................................................................................................................................................................... 171
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 174
Einde Brezjnev en gerontocratie ................................................................................................................................................. 177
H20 Michail Gorbatsjov ..................................................................................................................................................................... 177
Michail Gorbatsjov (1985-1991) .................................................................................................................................................. 177
Een nieuwe koers: ideologie en partij ........................................................................................................................................ 177
De nationaliteitenkwestie: federalisering................................................................................................................................... 181
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 183
Het einde van de SU....................................................................................................................................................................... 184
H21 Boris Jeltsin .................................................................................................................................................................................. 186
Een nieuwe staat.............................................................................................................................................................................. 186
Naar een vrijemarkteconomie ..................................................................................................................................................... 187
Naar een parlementaire democratie .......................................................................................................................................... 190
Een nieuwe staatsstructuur .......................................................................................................................................................... 192
Buitenlandse politiek ...................................................................................................................................................................... 193
Opvolging .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 197
H22 Vladimir Poetin ............................................................................................................................................................................ 198
Weg naar de top ............................................................................................................................................................................. 198
2000-2012 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 199
Binnenlands beleid........................................................................................................................................................................... 202
3
, Examen
data (20) enkel indien expliciet
- belang van bewoording: vraag indien niet begrepen
- niet verliezen in details, beperkte antwoordruimte - ruimte is indicatief!
- let op alle onderdelen van de vraag!
Deel 1 40 minuten - gesloten boek 5/20
- 5 termen
- Feiten
- Data
- Kaarten toelichten
a. wie/wat
b. periode (eeuw, onder bepaalde tsaar,..)
c. wat gedaan/ welke actoren betrokken
d. wat is de betekenis op lange termijn?
Voorbeeldvraag: Scythen: a. Iraans steppenvolk b. 8e eeuw - 3e eeuw voor Chr. actief c. Verdrijven de Oost- Slaven
of opgenomen in staatkundige formaties van de Scythen - Scythen vormen de bovenlaag en Oost-Slaven de onderlaag
d.grote invloed op ontw van de Oost-Slaven (militaire en bestuurstechnieken)
Deel 2 110 minuten - open boek 15/20 (Inzichtsvragen) samenvattingen, nota’s
1. Stellingen op 7 punten
2. Open vraag op 8 punten
Stellingen beargumenteren waarom eens of oneens adhv historische feiten (3 argumenten)
Open (inzichts)vraag: 2 pagina’s 3 argumenten (2punten per argument) 2 punten op argumentatie als geheel!
(conclusie)
H1 ‘Rusland’ en de ‘Russen’
(inleiding: allergie voor concept ‘Russische ziel’ – alles zien in de context en oppassen met determinisme,
essentialisme) → belangrijk voor de oefeningen
Context= vaak te maken met dictatoren en ontmenselijken van de ander
Link met de ‘oorsprong van nazisme in het antisemitisme van Luther’
Land en volk
Tsaristisch Rusland vs. Sovjet-Unie vs. Rusland vandaag
Voorgeschiedenis (voor 15e eeuw) is niet per se Russisch
Naamgeving:
- Eerst nadruk op entie, synastie = roesskji
- Later nadruk op ‘de staat’= rossijskji
- Sommige naamkeuzes hebben een specifiek doel
1. (Kiev-) Roes 9e tot 15e eeuw
2. Roes/ Moskovische rijk/Land van Roes tot 16e eeuw
3. Rusland vanaf 16e eeuw
4. Russische Rijk vanaf 18e eeuw
5. Sovjet-Unie
6. Russische federatie 19..-nu
4
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