Complete review and summary of all exam 1- cell and molecules - lecture materials given by Dr. Simon Gilroy in intro biology 151 at the university of Wisconsin-Madison. Each main subject outlined in a different color with molded key terms and supporting diagrams.
> adhesion ions-ions
hydrophobic * aquaphorins *
+ ex :
starch
Furt TRIGLYCERIDES dehydrationa
MONOSACCHARIDE C H
hydrophilic COOH HO - -
DENSITY Cice floats) Sterous
o
.
3
Cholesterol & Stigmaster
Tme
Em MOST
CARBONS HYDRO T
EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES
macromolecules musROTENS some
some
polar
nonpolar
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
A
phosphate
fatty acids
-
H20
L
hydrophilic head
GLYCEROL
nuclear envelope enclosing PNA NO envelope ; circular DNA in
nuclear
AMINOACIDS PEPTIDE BONDS PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
/)-hydrophobic
linked together by
membrane bound organelles nucleoid regions in plasmids
only 20 used in
biology (dehydration Synthesis) & micelle this
very simple endomembrane system
amta Rain,i RodsbeeNgofbackbone
nucleus : DNA ,
proteins PROTEIN STRUCTURE DENATURATION
mitochondria : energy
MEMBRANE FUNCTION heat or acid unrolls (denatures) a
2
production * semi permeable membrane ~ protein so it can no longer functionis
chloroplasts : photosynthesis > DIFFUSION
I
Manpowi
to
*
ER :Synthesis modificationa mouth) H
proteins lipids
ACIDS
CATALYSTS ("ase") reduce Ea
DNA
:
golgi apparatus protein transport
fact
:
FUNCTIONS STRUCTURE
lysosome : degradation DIFFUSION TRANSPORT bases
PASSIVE : down SIGNAL
gradient
deoxyribos
vacuole : storage conc . a
separate from membrane
> simplee estated
secreted proteins
-
SinStable
:
NUCLEOTIDES linked through PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAE
integral membrane proteins part of the membrane double helix
~
ENDosBoSoginatedfomarrschannelradient 1) not
·
enzymes can be enzymes
pumps energy ! CYTUSKELETON
TABLIS
genome and ribosomes
-
-
cotransport
COMPLEMENTARY binding of bases
↳ symporters & antiporters to line up
ANTIPARALLEL
* electrochemical gradient 3 - 5'85 -
3
Emm
DNA IS TRANSCRIBED into
spontaneous AGCO ; exogenic breaking
RESPIRATION :...
im
16 = 0 ; equilibrium RNA that is translated
nonspontaneous &G >O ; endogenic making
into PROTEIN
ENZYMES
u
induced fit: protein folds
around substrate
marig
cost
GLYCOLYSIS in The INADH allosteric regulators : additional
* investment of energy
sitethat actalaona
,
me
CATABOLS B onds
ADP + P , ANABOLIlog
↳ feedback inhibition : product
ofapathwaydeactivateaa way
to release energy
FORMS OF ENERGY H ETEROTROPHS consume that energy
SPLITS
Brynhappeninlotofstepsalotofereme,asible biology interconverts types of energy
PIGMENTS
water ATP
↳a
, light
vabt
cellular respiration "
reductiona
evate
ex :
Chlorophyll :
primar pigment
As
2 electrons
oxidation PHOTOSYSTEMS 1811
- ↳ absorbsleds
*
green lit a
"o
losing e-
antemp
p 3 chemical energy : chemical bonds
accessory pigments : absorb
PYRUVATE TO ACETYL COA
cytosol
yields
to mitochondrial matrix
2 acetyl COAS 2 CO2 inner mitochondrial membrane , -AT ar
diferent
get maximum
wavelengths to
mitochondrial matrix & gap energy
gradients across membranes Chlorophyll molecule
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION yields 34 ATP
4 concentration
mini
2 ATP , Y CO2 GNAH , 2 FADH2 TOTAL
IIIIII/IIIIIIIII
,
e-
acetyl COA
⑫ COA-SH
VIIIIIIII) ATP Synthase SID
*
CHEMIOSMUSIS light
t
Stroma
DARK REACTIONS
&
powered by He
t
gradient , the calvin fixation
:carbon
cycle
a light
mitochondrial App o ATION h
·Dis
matrix
·
most abundant protein
compe
·
O2 accepts e-
⑳
mos
i
a
M
P ⑪ 1 prophase : chromosomes condense ;
* ADD + Pi
centrosomes radiate microtubules
rearrangements that
↑
·
NAD
FERMENTATION Regenerates and migrate to opposite poles
changes
6 build up stre a
3C
nuclear envelope
1 ) App ,
t
#
much less efficient
oxidative
mitosis 2 prometaphase : x2
NADp +
than
6Sugar
-
o
phosphorylation *
REDUCTION
ruvate
63P
62
ti in
interphase in the center of cell
CHECKPOINTS
* 61 : growth s preparation
S
chromosome
↳ checks whether its ready
2
↳ anaphases
if noTo
SPHASE DNA separate & more to opposite copy it DNA,
to
newplacetodumpsaonylation
*
synthesis
ends of poles
2 LACTATE
can't r n to make NAD
+ * DNA replication >
-
each :
preparation for i s a
chromosomecost ↳ checks for complete PNA BINARY FISSION
condenc
e-on
replicationSforanyPNA
2) same thing but dumps acetaldehyde
,
together by a centromere 5 telophase : nuclear envelopes Aprokamotic cell diinas
hareplicates celldobtei
produces ethanol as a waste product reforms chromosomes ,
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