Human Anatomy and Physiology: chapter
1 Pearson 11th edition
anatomy - ANS - studies the structure of the body
\Physiology - ANS - studies the function of the body parts
\atom -> molecule -> organelle -> cell -> tissue -> organ -> organ system -> organism - ANS -
The organization of an organism
\cells - ANS - smallest unit of living things
\tissues - ANS - a group of similar cells that have a common function
\organ - ANS - structure composed of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function for
the body.
\necessary life functions - ANS - maintaining boundariehs, movement, responsiveness
growth,digestion, excretion, reproduction and metabolism,
\integumentary system - ANS - system composed of hair, skin and nails, covery external body
and protects deeper tissue from injury
\skeletal system - ANS - system composed of bones and joints, protects and supports body
organs, provides bodys frame work for muscles
\muscular system - ANS - system composed of skeletal muscles and allows for movements and
manipulation of the envioronment
\nervous system - ANS - composed of spinal cord, brain and nerves. fast acting control system
of the body and responds to changes by activating muscles and glands
\endocrine system - ANS - composed of glands that regulate the processes such as growth and
reproduction
\cardiovascular system - ANS - composed of heart and blood vessels, transports blood which
carries oxygen, CO2 nutrients and waste. pumps blood
\lymphatic system - ANS - composed of red bone marrow, nodes, spleen, vessels, and thoracic
duct, which picks up fluid leaked from blood vessel and returns it to the blood, houses white
blood cells, immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body
\respiratory system - ANS - composed of nasal, pharynx, larnx, trachea broncus and lungs,
keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2
\digestive system - ANS - composed of oral cavity, esophagus liver, stomach, intestines and
rectum. breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells
\urinary system - ANS - Composed of kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra, rids the body of
acid-based wastes.regulates h2o electrolyte and eliminates nitrogenous waste from body
\reproductive system - ANS - System that functions in producing off springs
\homeostasis - ANS - the ability to maintain an internal balance even when outside world
changes. dynamic state of equilibrium
\receptor, control center, effector - ANS - 3 main parts of homeostatic regulation
\receptor - ANS - sensor that monitors changes and sends information in an afferent path to
control center in negative feedback
(hint: A in afferent is ARRIVES to control center)
, \control center - ANS - compares the input to determine an appropiate response. information
exits the control center on the efferent pathway to the effector
(hint: *E*xit for *E*fferent)
\effector - ANS - responds to to feed back from the control center
\negative feed back - ANS - homeostatic control mechanism that shuts off original effect of
stimuli or reduces intensity.
\positive feedback mechanism - ANS - homeostatic control mechanism that enhances the
original stimulus so that the response is accelerates
example: blood clotting, labor contractions during birth
\anatomical position - ANS - body standing errect with palms facing forward and thumbs
pointing away from the body
\directional terms - ANS - explain where one body structure is in relation to another
\axial parts - ANS - makes up main axis of body including head, neck and trunk
\regional terms - ANS - used to design specific areas within major body divisions
\abdominal - ANS - trunk inferior to ribs
\acromial - ANS - point of shoulder
\antebrachial - ANS - forearm
\antecubital - ANS - anterior surface of elbow
\axillary - ANS - armpit
\brachial - ANS - upper arm
\buccal - ANS - cheek
\carpal - ANS - wrist
\cephalic - ANS - head
\coxal - ANS - hip
\crural - ANS - leg
\digital - ANS - fingers/toes
\femoral - ANS - thigh
\fibular or peroneal - ANS - side of leg
\frontal - ANS - forehead
\hallux - ANS - big toe
\inguinal - ANS - groin area
\mammary - ANS - breast region
\manus - ANS - hand
\pelvic - ANS - pelvis region
\nasal - ANS - nose
\oral - ANS - mouth
\orbital - ANS - eye
\palmar - ANS - palm
\pateller - ANS - anterior knee
\pedal - ANS - foot
\pollex - ANS - thumb
\tarsal - ANS - ankle
\metatarsal - ANS - top of foot
\calcaneal - ANS - heal
