100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Psychological research/test construction summary (Practical Training: Psychological Research, second year, first semester) $5.96
Add to cart

Summary

Psychological research/test construction summary (Practical Training: Psychological Research, second year, first semester)

 0 view  0 purchase
  • Course
  • Institution
  • Book

This is the summary I made for the subject PTPR, this is all the theory for the exam about the lectures and the assigned chapters of the psychometrics book. It helped me pass with a high grade and I hope it will do the same for you. Good luck fellow student! :)

Preview 3 out of 24  pages

  • No
  • 1, 3 t/m 9 & 14
  • December 23, 2024
  • 24
  • 2024/2025
  • Summary
avatar-seller
Test construction
Psychological measurements
Psychometrics: The science concerned with evaluating the attributes of
psychological tests (type of information, reliability and validity)
- Differential psychology: Study of individual differences (using an
average)

Psychological construct (unobservable): Theoretical concept of
psychological differences between individuals (made ‘observable’ trough
tests)
- Working memory, perceptual organization, extraversion,
neuroticism, etc

Psychological test (observable): Measurement instrument to quantify
individual differences in the construct
o Operational definitions/operationalizations
- Differences between psychological tests:
o Content
 Depends on the construct to be measured
o Response required
 Open-ended vs closed-ended
o Method of administration
 Individual vs group
 Interindividual differences: Comparing behavior of
different people
 Intraindividual differences: Comparing behavior of
the same person at different points in time (or under
different circumstances)
o Use
 Criterion referenced: Determine of someone passes a
certain cut-off
 E.g., exam (between pass and fail)
 Norm referenced: Compare score to population
 E.g., intelligence test
o Timing
 Speed test (time limit): Relatively easy questions, see
how far one comes
 Power tests (no time limit): Different difficulty level, see
what one can solve
o The meaning of indicators
 Formative versus reflective
 Reflective measurement (most psychological
tests)
o Construct is assumed to cause differences in
the test scores

, o Item responses are indicators of the
construct
o Items are necessarily correlated
 Higer values on the construct
increases scores on all items
 Formative measurement
o The item response (indicators) defines the
construct
o Items are not necessarily correlated
 Items independently contribute to the
construct
o E.g., Value of car (construct) is determined
by age, condition, size (items)

- Challenges in psychological measurement
o Complexity: Psychological phenomena are complex, high-
dimensional concepts
 “You can’t reduce people to a number”
 You need to carefully isolate a psychological dimension
(construct) and measure it
o Reactivity: People respond differently when they know that
they’re being measured
 Demand characteristics: Changing behavior to
accommodate the researcher
 Congruence: Ideal self doesn’t align with current
self
 Social desirability: To impress the person doing the
measurements
o Observer bias: Expectations of the researcher may affect the
test
o Composite scores: Multiple item scores need to be combined
into one score
o Sensitivity: Unknown beforehand how sensitive a scale
should be
 E.g., “How do you like this lecture until know?”
 Too few responses categories: You may miss out on
individual differences
 Too many response categories: People can’t
meaningfully distinguish the different categories
 Measures ability to discriminate between meaningful
amounts of the dimension being measured
o Awareness: Many test administrators do not know about the
psychometric quality of the test
 Evaluating the quality, being aware of the theories and
the limits of measurement tools

Dimensionality analysis
The dimensionality of a test is an important issue
o Dimensionality: The number of constructs a test measures

, - Unidimensional test: The test measures a single construct
 E.g., D2: Test of attention, primary school arithmetic test
- Multidimensional test: The test measures multiple constructs
 E.g., Big-5 personality inventory (OCEAN)
o With higher-order factor: A broader construct that
influences several specific traits or abilities
 WAIS-IV intelligence test (e.g., verbal comprehension,
perceptual reasoning, working memory etc.)




Factor analysis: A statistical method to study the dimensionality of a test
- Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA): There is a clear theory about the
factor structure (the dimensionality of the constructs)
- Explanatory factor analysis (EFA): There is no theory about the factor
structure
o Step 1: Correlation matrix
 EFA is commonly conducted on
the correlation matrix
 Correlation matrix: A table
where you can see the correlations between different
items (helping see the dimensionality)
o Step 2: Check the Eigenvalues
 As much Eigenvalues as items
 Eigenvalue: Tells you
something about how many
variabilities this factor can account for in the data
o (High) variability/variance: How widely
the data is spread out from the mean
 Numbers are always decreasing
o The higher numbers of variance are higher
factors (may be a construct)
 Selecting a factor that might be a construct:
 Kaiser criterion: Select all factor with an
Eigenvalue greater than
1.0 (don’t use), this will
cause a overestimation
of the number of factors
 Scree plot
o Inflection point:
The point where
the item values stop decreasing (largely)
o Select all factors before that point

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying these notes from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Lijssiea. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy these notes for $5.96. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

53022 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now

Start selling
$5.96
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added