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Samenvatting Psychologie van de adolescentie volledig
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PSYCHOLOGIE VAN DE ADOLESCENTIEINHOUD
Inhoud............................................................................................................................................... 1
Inleiding en eerste typering ............................................................................................................... 7
Doelstellingen ................................................................................................................................ 7
Situering ........................................................................................................................................ 7
In het onderwijs ......................................................................................................................... 7
In de ontwikkelingspsychologie .................................................................................................. 7
Terminologie.................................................................................................................................. 8
Leeftijd ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Adolescentie – puberteit ............................................................................................................ 8
Begin en einde............................................................................................................................ 9
Beeldvorming ................................................................................................................................ 9
Hoe ruim verspreid? 3 vragen ................................................................................................... 10
Ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 11
Ontwikkelingsperiode ............................................................................................................... 12
Continu en discontinu............................................................................................................... 13
Individu en omgeving ............................................................................................................... 14
Lichamelijke & hersenontwikkeling.................................................................................................. 16
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 16
Verloop ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Hormonale veranderingen ........................................................................................................ 16
Geslachtsrijping ........................................................................................................................ 18
Groeiverschuivingen ................................................................................................................. 19
Verschillen in timing ................................................................................................................. 19
Puberteit en gedrag ..................................................................................................................... 20
Status & gedrag ........................................................................................................................ 20
Timing & problemen................................................................................................................. 21
Tempo & problemen ................................................................................................................ 21
Verklaringen ................................................................................................................................ 22
Stresvolle veranderingen .......................................................................................................... 22
Hormooninvloeden................................................................................................................... 22
Afwijkende timing .................................................................................................................... 22
Contextuele versterking (persoon X omgeving!) ....................................................................... 22
Accentuering (statuseffecten)................................................................................................... 23
Rijpingsdichtheid ...................................................................................................................... 23
Hersenen ..................................................................................................................................... 24
1
, Paradox .................................................................................................................................... 24
Structurele ontwikkeling........................................................................................................... 24
Functionele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 25
Besluit.......................................................................................................................................... 29
Psychoseksuele ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................... 29
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 29
Risico vs ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 30
Sekse, gender & oriëntatie ........................................................................................................... 30
Sekse & gender......................................................................................................................... 30
Oriëntatie ................................................................................................................................. 31
Seksueel gedrag ........................................................................................................................... 31
Masturbatie.............................................................................................................................. 32
Interactie-carrière & Vroege en late starters ............................................................................. 33
Voorspellers van vroeg of laat .................................................................................................. 34
Dating & romantische relaties ...................................................................................................... 35
Seksueel mediagebruik ................................................................................................................ 36
Seksuele risicogedrag ................................................................................................................... 37
Voorbehoedsmiddelen ............................................................................................................. 37
SOA’s........................................................................................................................................ 37
Tienerzwangerschappen ........................................................................................................... 38
Grensoverschrijdend gedrag ..................................................................................................... 38
Beleving ....................................................................................................................................... 39
Intenties ................................................................................................................................... 39
Motivatie.................................................................................................................................. 39
Attitudes (niet in het boek) ....................................................................................................... 40
Emoties & beleving ................................................................................................................... 41
De rol van geslacht/gender .......................................................................................................... 41
Gelijkenissen ............................................................................................................................ 41
Verschillen (worden kleiner bij ouderen jongeren) ................................................................... 41
Cultuur & religie........................................................................................................................... 42
Seksuele voorlichting (beperkt in boek)........................................................................................ 42
Besluit.......................................................................................................................................... 43
Cognitieve ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................. 44
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 44
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Ontwikkeling: Piaget .................................................................................................................... 45
Adaptatie & structuren ............................................................................................................. 45
Ontwikkelingsfasen .................................................................................................................. 46
2
, Wetenschappelijk denken ........................................................................................................ 46
Informatieverwerking .................................................................................................................. 50
Computer & hersenen .............................................................................................................. 50
Executieve functies ................................................................................................................... 51
Lange-termijn geheugen ........................................................................................................... 52
Metacognitie ............................................................................................................................ 52
Sociale informatieverwerking ................................................................................................... 53
Psychometrische kijk.................................................................................................................... 54
intelligentie en IQ ..................................................................................................................... 54
Sekse & cultuur ........................................................................................................................ 55
Ontwikkeling & veranderlijkheid ............................................................................................... 55
Besluit.......................................................................................................................................... 56
Van Piaget tot … ....................................................................................................................... 56
Wat kan je doen ....................................................................................................................... 56
Een growth-mindset bevorderen .............................................................................................. 56
Emotionele en morele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................ 57
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 57
Emotionele ontwikkeling.............................................................................................................. 57
Wat & waarom? ....................................................................................................................... 57
Ontwikkeling voor adolescentie ................................................................................................ 59
Ontwikkeling in de adolescentie ............................................................................................... 60
Socialisatie van emoties............................................................................................................ 61
Emotieregulatie & problemen .................................................................................................. 61
Interventie ............................................................................................................................... 62
Morele ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 63
Moreel besef ............................................................................................................................ 63
Oorsprong: evolutie.................................................................................................................. 63
Morele oordelen ...................................................................................................................... 63
Empathie/internalisatie? .......................................................................................................... 63
Moreel denken ......................................................................................................................... 64
Moreel gedrag .......................................................................................................................... 67
Besluit.......................................................................................................................................... 68
Ontwikkeling van autonomie ........................................................................................................... 69
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 69
Wat is autonomie ........................................................................................................................ 69
Onafhankelijkheid/separatie..................................................................................................... 70
Vrijwillig functioneren .............................................................................................................. 72
Ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................ 74
Onafhankelijkheid/separatie..................................................................................................... 74
3
, Vrijwillig functioneren .............................................................................................................. 75
Gevolgen en effecten ................................................................................................................... 76
Onafhankelijkheid/separatie..................................................................................................... 76
Vrijwillig functioneren .............................................................................................................. 77
Determinanten ............................................................................................................................ 78
Onafhankelijkheid/separatie..................................................................................................... 78
Vrijwillig functioneren .............................................................................................................. 78
Cultuur ........................................................................................................................................ 80
Besluit.......................................................................................................................................... 81
Psychosociale ontwikkeling ‘De rol van het gezin’ ............................................................................ 82
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 82
Intro ............................................................................................................................................ 82
Gezinnen in adolescentie ............................................................................................................. 83
Storm & stress? ........................................................................................................................ 83
Veranderingen in … .................................................................................................................. 84
Opvoeding en welbevinden.......................................................................................................... 86
Model (Darling & Steinberg) ..................................................................................................... 86
Opvoedingsstijlen ..................................................................................................................... 87
Opvoedingsgedragingen ........................................................................................................... 88
Gezin als systeem......................................................................................................................... 90
Broers en zussen ...................................................................................................................... 90
Gezin als systeem ..................................................................................................................... 90
Open vragen ................................................................................................................................ 91
Structuur & SES?....................................................................................................................... 91
Cultuurverschillen .................................................................................................................... 93
Transactionaliteit...................................................................................................................... 94
Besluit.......................................................................................................................................... 94
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: de invloed van leeftijdsgenoten ........................................................... 96
Doelstellingen .............................................................................................................................. 96
Leeftijdgenoten? .......................................................................................................................... 96
Vriendschappen ........................................................................................................................... 97
Essentie & functies ................................................................................................................... 98
Wederkering vs unilateraal ....................................................................................................... 98
Theorieën ................................................................................................................................. 99
Dynamiek ................................................................................................................................. 99
Effecten van vrienden ................................................................................................................ 100
3 premissies (Hartup) ............................................................................................................. 100
Op ontwikkeling! .................................................................................................................... 100
4
, Vriendengroepen ....................................................................................................................... 101
Kenmerken ............................................................................................................................. 101
invloeden ............................................................................................................................... 102
Groepen op school ..................................................................................................................... 106
Sociale status.......................................................................................................................... 106
Sociale verwerping ................................................................................................................. 107
Pesten .................................................................................................................................... 108
Peers vs ouders? ........................................................................................................................ 109
Divergentie............................................................................................................................. 109
Convergentie .......................................................................................................................... 110
Tussenoplossing! .................................................................................................................... 110
Besluit........................................................................................................................................ 112
Identiteitsontwikkeling (leerpad) ................................................................................................... 114
Doelstellingen ............................................................................................................................ 114
Identiteit en zelf......................................................................................................................... 115
Ontwikkeling van het zelf ........................................................................................................... 116
Context & zelf ............................................................................................................................ 117
Ego-ontwikkelingstheorie (Loevinger) ........................................................................................ 117
Stadia ..................................................................................................................................... 118
Identiteitsontwikkelingstheorie.................................................................................................. 119
Erikson ................................................................................................................................... 119
Context en identiteit .................................................................................................................. 122
Besluit........................................................................................................................................ 122
Internaliserende problematiek ...................................................................................................... 123
Doelstellingen ............................................................................................................................ 123
Normale… .................................................................................................................................. 123
Angst ...................................................................................................................................... 124
Verdriet .................................................................................................................................. 125
Lichamelijke klachten ............................................................................................................. 125
Problemen vs stoornissen .......................................................................................................... 126
Stoornis .................................................................................................................................. 126
Categoriaal en dimensioneel .................................................................................................. 127
Stoornissen ................................................................................................................................ 128
Angststoornissen .................................................................................................................... 128
Stemmingsstoornissen............................................................................................................ 132
Eetstoornis ............................................................................................................................. 135
Besluit........................................................................................................................................ 136
Drugs bij jongeren ......................................................................................................................... 138
5
, De Kiem ..................................................................................................................................... 141
Wat is verslaving/wat zijn verslavende stoffen........................................................................ 141
Wat bepaalt of jongeren drugs gebruiken? ............................................................................. 143
Signalen van druggebruik bij jongeren .................................................................................... 143
Stadia van verslaving .............................................................................................................. 144
Herstel van verslavingsgedrag ................................................................................................ 147
De Kiem .................................................................................................................................. 147
Externaliserende problemen ......................................................................................................... 148
Doelstellingen ............................................................................................................................ 148
Definitie ..................................................................................................................................... 148
‘Normale’ jeugdcriminaliteit ................................................................................................... 149
Omvang en toe/afname.......................................................................................................... 149
Afname na adolescentie ......................................................................................................... 151
Ontwikkelingstrajecten ........................................................................................................... 151
Meisjescriminaliteit ................................................................................................................ 154
Seksuele delicten .................................................................................................................... 155
Stoornissen ................................................................................................................................ 155
ODD ....................................................................................................................................... 156
CD .......................................................................................................................................... 156
Oorzaken/risico’s ....................................................................................................................... 157
Biologische factoren ............................................................................................................... 157
Individuele kenmerken ........................................................................................................... 158
Gezin en ouders...................................................................................................................... 158
Etniciteit ................................................................................................................................. 159
Delinquente vrienden ............................................................................................................. 159
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................... 159
Besluit........................................................................................................................................ 160
6
,INLEIDING EN EERSTE TYPERING
Leerstof boek 15-31
DOELSTELLINGEN
1. Situering
a. De adolescentie situeren in de levensloop
2. Terminologie
a. De term adolescentie correct leren gebruiken en kunnen onderscheiden van
verwante termen, zoals puberteit
3. Beeldvorming
a. Wijdverspreidde opvattingen (stereotypen) over de adolescentie kritisch kunnen
bespreken (bv de adolescentie is een moeilijke leeftijd)
4. Ontwikkeling
a. Het begrip ontwikkeling adequaat kunnen omschrijven en gebruiken (als een
dynamisch proces dat vanuit meerdere invalshoeken bestudeerd kan worden)
SITUERING
IN HET ONDERWIJS
IN DE ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIE
7
, TERMINOLOGIE
LEEFTIJD
≠ waterdicht criterium voor definitie van adolescentie
= vaak enige maatstaf voor status in maatschappij (verantwoordelijkheden zijn gekoppeld aan
leeftijd)
• Politiek stemrecht 18j, rechtsysteem 1j, films 16j, seksueel 14/16j
2 TENDENZEN
• Verlagen van leeftijdsgrens in het begin
• Verhogen van leeftijdsgrens op het einde
➔ Moffit: maturity gap! Leidt tot probleemgedrag
➔ Arnett: ruimte om te experimenteren! Verlengde adolescentie, keuzes uitgesteld. Emerging
adulthood (20-25j), analoog in gezondheidszorg: transitional care (15-24j)
(adolescentiekliniek ipv enkel volwassen en kinderkliniek)
➔ Voor alle jongeren? Wat als je al gaat werken of al kinderen hebt?
ADOLESCENTIE – PUBERTEIT
• Puberteit (Pubertijd)
o 1950: periode van lichamelijke veranderingen, waarin geslachtsrijpheid intreedt, en
ook de persoonlijkheid opgebouwd wordt, met de blik naar binnen (12-16j)
o Nu: proces van lichamelijke veranderingen en geslachtrijping in begin van
adolescentie, inclusief hormonale ontwikkeling + pubergedrag
• Adolescentie
o 1950: periode waarin jongere zijn of haar plaats in de maatschappij zoekt, met de
blik naar buiten (17-22j)
o Nu: hele overgangsperiode tussen kinderjaren en volwassenheid, 10-23 jaar! Alle
eerdere ontwikkelingen integreren tot een coherente identiteit!
• Let op!
o Hormonen leiden tot gedrag, maar ook omgekeerd! (Les 2)
o Ook al in puberteit zijn jongeren zich bewust van de veranderingen! Ook dan al
wordt er gewerkt aan de identiteit!
ADOLESCENTIE
Overgangsperiode tussen kindertijd en volwassenheid:
➔ Levensloopvisie!
o Verschillende dingen in het leven hangen samen met elkaar. Je neemt dingen mee
die gebeurd zijn.
8
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