d
, Chapter B01: BCaring Bfor BMedical-Surgical BPatients
d d d d d d
deWit: BMedical-Surgical BNursing: BConcepts B& B Practice, B3rd BEdition
d d d d d d d d d
d
d
MULTIPLE BCHOICE d d
1. Which Bstatement Baccurately Bdescribes Bthe Bprimary Bpurpose Bof Bthe Bstate Bnurse Bpractice Bact B(NPA)? d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
a. To Btest Band Blicense BLPN/LVNs.
d d d d d d
b. To Bdefine Bthe Bscope Bof BLPN/LVN Bpractice.
d d d d d d d d
c. To Bimprove Bthe Bquality Bof Bcare Bprovided Bby Bthe
d d d d d d d d d
BLPN/LVN. d d
d. To Blimit Bthe BLPN/LVN Bemployment Bplacement.
d d d d d d d
ANS: B d d
While Bimproving Bquality Bof Bcare Bprovided Bby Bthe BLPN/LVN Bmay Bbe Ba Bresult Bof Bthe BNPA, Bthe Bprimary Bpurpose Bof
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bthe BNPA Bof Beach Bstate Bdefines Bthe Bscope Bof Bnursing Bpractice Bin Bthat Bstate.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BComprehension REF: 2 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 3 TOP: NPAd KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: d d d d d d d
BImplementation d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
2. The Bcharge Bnurse Basks Bthe Bnew Bvocational Bnurse Bto Bstart Ban Bintravenous Binfusion, Ba Bskill Bthat Bthe d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bvocational Bnurse Bhas Bnotbeen Btaught Bduring Bher Beducational Bprogram. BHow Bshould Bthe Bvocational Bnurse
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Brespond? d d
a. Ask Ba Bmore Bexperienced Bnurse Bto Bdemonstrate Bthe
d d d d d d d d
Bprocedure. d d
b. Look Bup Bthe Bprocedure Bin Bthe Bprocedure Bmanual.
d d d d d d d d d
c. Attempt Bto Bperform Bthe Bprocedure Bwith Bsupervision.
d d d d d d d d
d. Inform Bthe Bcharge Bnurse Bof Bher Black Bof Btraining Bin Bthis
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bprocedure. d d
ANS: D d d
The Bcharge Bnurse Bshould Bbe Binformed Bof Bthe Black Bof Btraining Bto Bperform Bthe Bprocedure, Band Bthe Bvocational Bnurse
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bshould Bseek Bfurther Btraining Bto Bgain Bproficiency. BAlthough Bthe Bother Boptions Bmight Bbe Bhelpful, Bthey Bare Bnot Bsafe.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 3 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 1 TOP: Providing BSafe BCare
d KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: d d d d d d d d d
BN/A MSC: d
d
NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
3. Which Bpatient Bstatement Bindicates Ba Bneed Bfor Bfurther Bdischarge Bteaching Bthat Bthe Bvocational Bnurse Bshould d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Baddress? d
a. “I Bhave Bno Bidea Bof Bhow Bthis Bdrug Bwill
d d d d d d d d d d
Baffect Bme.” d d
b. “Do Byou Bknow Bif Bmy Bphysician Bis Bcoming
d d d d d d d d d
Bback Btoday?” d d
c. “Will Bmy Binsurance Bpay Bfor Bmy Bstay?”
d d d d d d d d
d. “Am BI Bgoing Bto Bhave Bto Bgo Bto Ba Bnursing
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bhome?” d
ANS: A d d
Lack Bof Bknowledge Bat Bdischarge Babout Bmedication Beffects Band Bside Beffects Bis Ba Bconcern Bthat Bshould Bbe Baddressed
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bby Bthe Bvocationalnurse. BThe Bother Bconcerns Bin Bthe Boptions Bare Bthe Bresponsibility Bof Bother Bdepartments Bto Bwhich
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bthe Bnurse Bmight Brefer Bthe Bpatient.
d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 2 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 1 TOP: Teaching B KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep:
d d d d d d d d d
BImplementation d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
4. According Bto Bmost Bstate BNPAs, Bthe Bvocational Bnurse Bacting Bas Bcharge Bnurse Bin Ba Blongterm Bcare Bfacility d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bacts Bin Bwhich Bcapacity? d d d d d
a. Working Bunder Bdirect Bsupervision Bof Ban BRN Bon Bthe Bunit
d d d d d d d d d d d
b. Working Bwith Bthe BRN Bin Bthe Bbuilding
d d d d d d d d
c. Working Bunder Bgeneral Bsupervision Bby Bthe BRN Bavailable Bon Bsite Bor
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bby Bphone d d d
d. Working Bas Ban Bindependent Bvocational Bnurse
d d d d d d d
ANS: C d d
The Bvocational Bnurse Bin Bthe Bcapacity Bof Bthe Bcharge Bnurse Bin Ba Blong-term Bcare Bfacility Bacts Bwith Bthe
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bgeneral Bsupervision Bof Ban BRN Bavailable Bon Bsite Bor Bby Bphone.
d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BComprehension REF: 2 d d d d d d d
,OBJ:
d 1d TOP: d Charge BNurse/Manager
d d KEY: d Nursing Process BStep: BN/A
d d d d
MSC: d NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d
, 5. The Bnurse Bis Beducating Ba Bpatient Bthat Bis Ba Bmember Bof Ba Bhealth Bmaintenance Borganization B(HMO). d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
BWhich Binformationshould Bthe Bnurse Binclude? d d d d d d
a. Seek Bthe Bopinion Bof Ban Balternate Bhealth Bcare Bprovider.
d d d d d d d d d d
b. Obtain Binsurance Bapproval Bfor Bmedical Bservices Bprior Bto
d d d d d d d d
Btreatment. d d
c. Provide Bdetailed Bdocumentation Bof Ball Bcare Breceived Bfor Bhis
d d d d d d d d d
Bcondition. d d
d. Wait Bat Bleast B6 Bmonths Bto Bsee Ba Bspecialist.
d d d d d d d d d d
ANS: B d d
Most BHMOs Brequire Bpreprocedure Bauthorization Bfor Btreatment. BPatients Bare Bnot Brequired Bto Bseek Ba Bsecond Bopinion,
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bprovide Bdocumentation Bof Bcare, Bor Bwait Ba Bspecific Btime Bperiod Bbefore Bvisiting Ba Bspecialist.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF:d Cognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 9 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 9 TOP: d Charge BNurse/Manager d d d d d
KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: BImplementation
d d d d d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
6. d The Bpatient Bcomplains Bto Bthe Bnurse Bthat Bhe Bis Bconfused Babout Bhis B“deductible” Bthat d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bhe Bowes Bthe Bhospital. BWhichs B B Btatement Baccurately Bexplains Ba Bdeductible?
d d d d v d d d d d d d d
a. An Bamount Bof Bmoney Bput Baside Bfor Bthe Bpayment Bof Bfuture Bmedical Bbills
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
b. A Bone-time Bfee Bfor Bservice
d d d d d d
c. An Bamount Bof Bmoney Bdeducted Bfrom Bthe Bbill Bby Bthe Binsurance Bcompany
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d. An Bannual Bamount Bof Bmoney Bthe Bpatient Bmust Bpay Bout-of-pocket Bfor
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bmedical Bcare d d d
ANS: D d d
The Bdeductible Bis Bthe Bannual Bamount Bthe Binsured Bmust Bpay Bout-of-pocket Bprior Bto Bthe Binsurance Bcompany Bassuming
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bthe Bcost. BThis Bpractice Bimproves Bthe Bprofit Bof Bthe Binsurance Bcompany.
d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: d Cognitive BLevel: BComprehension REF: 7 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 9 TOP: Health BCare BFinancing
d d d d d d d d
KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: BImplementation
d d d d d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
7. d The Bnurse Bcompares Bthe Bcharacteristics Bof Ba Bhealth Bmaintenance Borganization B(HMO) d d d d d d d d d d d
Band Ba Bpreferred Bproviderorganization B(PPO). BWhich Binformation Bshould Bthe Bnurse Binclude Babout BHMOs?
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
a. HMOs Brequire Ba Bset Bfee Bof Beach Bmember Bmonthly.
d d d d d d d d d d
b. HMOs Ballow Bthe Bmember Bto Bselect Bhis Bhealth Bcare
d d d d d d d d d
Bprovider. d d
c. HMOs Bpermit Badmission Bto Bany Bfacility Bthe Bmember
d d d d d d d d
Bprefers. d d
d. HMOs Boffer Bunlimited Bdiagnostic Btests Band Btreatments.
d d d d d d d d
ANS: A d d
HMOs Brequire Ba Bset Bfee Bfrom Beach Bmember Bmonthly B(capitation). BThe Bpatient Bwill Bbe Btreated Bby Bthe BHMO Bstaff Bin
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
BHMO- Bapproved Bfacilities. BExcessive Buse Bof Bdiagnostic Btests Band Btreatments Bis Bdiscouraged Bby Bthe BHMO.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: d Cognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 9 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 9 TOP: dManaged BCare d d d d d
KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: BImplementation
d d d d d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
8. d A Bpatient Basks Bthe Bnurse Bwhat BMedicare BPart BA Bcovers. BWhich Bresponse Bis Bcorrect?
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
a. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Binpatient Bhospital Bcosts.
d d d d d d d d
b. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Breimbursement Bto Bthe
d d d d d d d
Bphysician. d d
c. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Boutpatient Bhospital Bservices.
d d d d d d d d
d. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Bambulance Btransportation.
d d d d d d d
ANS: A d d
Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Binpatient Bhospital Bexpenses, Bdrugs, Bx-rays, Blaboratory Bwork, Band Bintensive Bcare. BMedicare BPart
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
BB Bpays Bthe Bphysician, Bambulance Btransport, Band Boutpatient Bservices.
d d d d d d d d d d
, Chapter B01: BCaring Bfor BMedical-Surgical BPatients
d d d d d d
deWit: BMedical-Surgical BNursing: BConcepts B& B Practice, B3rd BEdition
d d d d d d d d d
d
d
MULTIPLE BCHOICE d d
1. Which Bstatement Baccurately Bdescribes Bthe Bprimary Bpurpose Bof Bthe Bstate Bnurse Bpractice Bact B(NPA)? d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
a. To Btest Band Blicense BLPN/LVNs.
d d d d d d
b. To Bdefine Bthe Bscope Bof BLPN/LVN Bpractice.
d d d d d d d d
c. To Bimprove Bthe Bquality Bof Bcare Bprovided Bby Bthe
d d d d d d d d d
BLPN/LVN. d d
d. To Blimit Bthe BLPN/LVN Bemployment Bplacement.
d d d d d d d
ANS: B d d
While Bimproving Bquality Bof Bcare Bprovided Bby Bthe BLPN/LVN Bmay Bbe Ba Bresult Bof Bthe BNPA, Bthe Bprimary Bpurpose Bof
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bthe BNPA Bof Beach Bstate Bdefines Bthe Bscope Bof Bnursing Bpractice Bin Bthat Bstate.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BComprehension REF: 2 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 3 TOP: NPAd KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: d d d d d d d
BImplementation d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
2. The Bcharge Bnurse Basks Bthe Bnew Bvocational Bnurse Bto Bstart Ban Bintravenous Binfusion, Ba Bskill Bthat Bthe d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bvocational Bnurse Bhas Bnotbeen Btaught Bduring Bher Beducational Bprogram. BHow Bshould Bthe Bvocational Bnurse
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Brespond? d d
a. Ask Ba Bmore Bexperienced Bnurse Bto Bdemonstrate Bthe
d d d d d d d d
Bprocedure. d d
b. Look Bup Bthe Bprocedure Bin Bthe Bprocedure Bmanual.
d d d d d d d d d
c. Attempt Bto Bperform Bthe Bprocedure Bwith Bsupervision.
d d d d d d d d
d. Inform Bthe Bcharge Bnurse Bof Bher Black Bof Btraining Bin Bthis
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bprocedure. d d
ANS: D d d
The Bcharge Bnurse Bshould Bbe Binformed Bof Bthe Black Bof Btraining Bto Bperform Bthe Bprocedure, Band Bthe Bvocational Bnurse
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bshould Bseek Bfurther Btraining Bto Bgain Bproficiency. BAlthough Bthe Bother Boptions Bmight Bbe Bhelpful, Bthey Bare Bnot Bsafe.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 3 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 1 TOP: Providing BSafe BCare
d KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: d d d d d d d d d
BN/A MSC: d
d
NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
3. Which Bpatient Bstatement Bindicates Ba Bneed Bfor Bfurther Bdischarge Bteaching Bthat Bthe Bvocational Bnurse Bshould d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Baddress? d
a. “I Bhave Bno Bidea Bof Bhow Bthis Bdrug Bwill
d d d d d d d d d d
Baffect Bme.” d d
b. “Do Byou Bknow Bif Bmy Bphysician Bis Bcoming
d d d d d d d d d
Bback Btoday?” d d
c. “Will Bmy Binsurance Bpay Bfor Bmy Bstay?”
d d d d d d d d
d. “Am BI Bgoing Bto Bhave Bto Bgo Bto Ba Bnursing
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bhome?” d
ANS: A d d
Lack Bof Bknowledge Bat Bdischarge Babout Bmedication Beffects Band Bside Beffects Bis Ba Bconcern Bthat Bshould Bbe Baddressed
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bby Bthe Bvocationalnurse. BThe Bother Bconcerns Bin Bthe Boptions Bare Bthe Bresponsibility Bof Bother Bdepartments Bto Bwhich
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bthe Bnurse Bmight Brefer Bthe Bpatient.
d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 2 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 1 TOP: Teaching B KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep:
d d d d d d d d d
BImplementation d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
4. According Bto Bmost Bstate BNPAs, Bthe Bvocational Bnurse Bacting Bas Bcharge Bnurse Bin Ba Blongterm Bcare Bfacility d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bacts Bin Bwhich Bcapacity? d d d d d
a. Working Bunder Bdirect Bsupervision Bof Ban BRN Bon Bthe Bunit
d d d d d d d d d d d
b. Working Bwith Bthe BRN Bin Bthe Bbuilding
d d d d d d d d
c. Working Bunder Bgeneral Bsupervision Bby Bthe BRN Bavailable Bon Bsite Bor
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bby Bphone d d d
d. Working Bas Ban Bindependent Bvocational Bnurse
d d d d d d d
ANS: C d d
The Bvocational Bnurse Bin Bthe Bcapacity Bof Bthe Bcharge Bnurse Bin Ba Blong-term Bcare Bfacility Bacts Bwith Bthe
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bgeneral Bsupervision Bof Ban BRN Bavailable Bon Bsite Bor Bby Bphone.
d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: dCognitive BLevel: BComprehension REF: 2 d d d d d d d
,OBJ:
d 1d TOP: d Charge BNurse/Manager
d d KEY: d Nursing Process BStep: BN/A
d d d d
MSC: d NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d
, 5. The Bnurse Bis Beducating Ba Bpatient Bthat Bis Ba Bmember Bof Ba Bhealth Bmaintenance Borganization B(HMO). d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
BWhich Binformationshould Bthe Bnurse Binclude? d d d d d d
a. Seek Bthe Bopinion Bof Ban Balternate Bhealth Bcare Bprovider.
d d d d d d d d d d
b. Obtain Binsurance Bapproval Bfor Bmedical Bservices Bprior Bto
d d d d d d d d
Btreatment. d d
c. Provide Bdetailed Bdocumentation Bof Ball Bcare Breceived Bfor Bhis
d d d d d d d d d
Bcondition. d d
d. Wait Bat Bleast B6 Bmonths Bto Bsee Ba Bspecialist.
d d d d d d d d d d
ANS: B d d
Most BHMOs Brequire Bpreprocedure Bauthorization Bfor Btreatment. BPatients Bare Bnot Brequired Bto Bseek Ba Bsecond Bopinion,
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bprovide Bdocumentation Bof Bcare, Bor Bwait Ba Bspecific Btime Bperiod Bbefore Bvisiting Ba Bspecialist.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF:d Cognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 9 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 9 TOP: d Charge BNurse/Manager d d d d d
KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: BImplementation
d d d d d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
6. d The Bpatient Bcomplains Bto Bthe Bnurse Bthat Bhe Bis Bconfused Babout Bhis B“deductible” Bthat d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
Bhe Bowes Bthe Bhospital. BWhichs B B Btatement Baccurately Bexplains Ba Bdeductible?
d d d d v d d d d d d d d
a. An Bamount Bof Bmoney Bput Baside Bfor Bthe Bpayment Bof Bfuture Bmedical Bbills
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
b. A Bone-time Bfee Bfor Bservice
d d d d d d
c. An Bamount Bof Bmoney Bdeducted Bfrom Bthe Bbill Bby Bthe Binsurance Bcompany
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d. An Bannual Bamount Bof Bmoney Bthe Bpatient Bmust Bpay Bout-of-pocket Bfor
d d d d d d d d d d d
Bmedical Bcare d d d
ANS: D d d
The Bdeductible Bis Bthe Bannual Bamount Bthe Binsured Bmust Bpay Bout-of-pocket Bprior Bto Bthe Binsurance Bcompany Bassuming
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
Bthe Bcost. BThis Bpractice Bimproves Bthe Bprofit Bof Bthe Binsurance Bcompany.
d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: d Cognitive BLevel: BComprehension REF: 7 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 9 TOP: Health BCare BFinancing
d d d d d d d d
KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: BImplementation
d d d d d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
7. d The Bnurse Bcompares Bthe Bcharacteristics Bof Ba Bhealth Bmaintenance Borganization B(HMO) d d d d d d d d d d d
Band Ba Bpreferred Bproviderorganization B(PPO). BWhich Binformation Bshould Bthe Bnurse Binclude Babout BHMOs?
d d d d d d d d d d d d d
a. HMOs Brequire Ba Bset Bfee Bof Beach Bmember Bmonthly.
d d d d d d d d d d
b. HMOs Ballow Bthe Bmember Bto Bselect Bhis Bhealth Bcare
d d d d d d d d d
Bprovider. d d
c. HMOs Bpermit Badmission Bto Bany Bfacility Bthe Bmember
d d d d d d d d
Bprefers. d d
d. HMOs Boffer Bunlimited Bdiagnostic Btests Band Btreatments.
d d d d d d d d
ANS: A d d
HMOs Brequire Ba Bset Bfee Bfrom Beach Bmember Bmonthly B(capitation). BThe Bpatient Bwill Bbe Btreated Bby Bthe BHMO Bstaff Bin
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
d
BHMO- Bapproved Bfacilities. BExcessive Buse Bof Bdiagnostic Btests Band Btreatments Bis Bdiscouraged Bby Bthe BHMO.
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
PTS: 1 DIF: d Cognitive BLevel: BApplication REF: 9 d d d d d d d
OBJ: 9 TOP: dManaged BCare d d d d d
KEY: Nursing BProcess BStep: BImplementation
d d d d d
d
MSC: NCLEX: BSafe, BEffective BCare BEnvironment: BCoordinated BCare
d d d d d d d d
8. d A Bpatient Basks Bthe Bnurse Bwhat BMedicare BPart BA Bcovers. BWhich Bresponse Bis Bcorrect?
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
a. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Binpatient Bhospital Bcosts.
d d d d d d d d
b. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Breimbursement Bto Bthe
d d d d d d d
Bphysician. d d
c. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Boutpatient Bhospital Bservices.
d d d d d d d d
d. Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Bambulance Btransportation.
d d d d d d d
ANS: A d d
Medicare BPart BA Bcovers Binpatient Bhospital Bexpenses, Bdrugs, Bx-rays, Blaboratory Bwork, Band Bintensive Bcare. BMedicare BPart
d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
BB Bpays Bthe Bphysician, Bambulance Btransport, Band Boutpatient Bservices.
d d d d d d d d d d
