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Volledige samenvatting Recht en criminologie
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RECHT EN CRIMINOLOGIEAnke Mebis
VUB | 2e bachelor criminologie (2024-2025)
,RECHT EN CRIMINOLOGIE
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, RECHT EN CRIMINOLOGIE
INHOUDSOPGAVE
1 Introductie ............................................................................................................................ 4
2 Basisbeginselen van het (constitutioneel) straf(proces)recht .................................................. 5
2.1 (Constitutioneel) strafrecht is publiek recht ........................................................................... 5
2.2 Strafrecht moet legaal zijn .................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Niet retroactiviteit van strafwet ...................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Wetgevende macht beslist............................................................................................. 8
2.2.3 Wet als enige bron van Belgisch straf(proces)recht ......................................................... 8
2.2.4 Is geen strafrecht, omdat de wet het zegt … .................................................................... 9
2.3 Straf is lijden ter vervolging van schuld................................................................................... 9
2.4 (Constitutioneel) strafrecht is ‘straf’ en ‘recht’ tegelijkertijd ...................................................11
2.4.1 Rechtsbeschermende of intrinsieke functies SR ........................................................... 12
2.4.2 Instrumentele functies SR............................................................................................ 12
2.5 Epiloog ...............................................................................................................................12
3 Actoren van strafrechtsbedeling ........................................................................................... 13
3.1 Definitie en (constitutionele) finaliteit van strafproces ...........................................................13
3.2 Verloop van strafproces in twee fasen ..................................................................................14
3.2.1 FASE 1: inquisitoir vooronderzoek (onderzoeksfase) ..................................................... 14
3.2.2 FASE 2: accusatoir proces ten gronde (gerechtelijke fase) ............................................. 15
3.3 Schema strafprocedure .......................................................................................................16
3.4 Rechtsmiddelen na proces ..................................................................................................17
3.5 Actoren...............................................................................................................................17
3.5.1 Gerechtelijk landschap................................................................................................ 18
3.5.2 Openbaar ministerie .................................................................................................... 18
3.5.3 Onderzoeksrechter (en onderzoeksgerechten) ............................................................. 19
3.5.4 Strafgerechten ............................................................................................................ 20
3.5.5 Verdachte ................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.6 Slachtoffer .................................................................................................................. 22
3.6 Epiloog: strafrechtelijk beleid ...............................................................................................22
4 Historisch en (constitutioneel) strafrechtstheoretisch perspectief ........................................ 23
4.1 Archaïsche stelsels (oudheid): God en gewoonte ..................................................................23
4.2 Romeinse recht (5e eeuw v.C. - 5e eeuw): rationalisering en verwetenschappelijking ...............23
4.3 Vroege ME (6e - 12e eeuw): terug naar God en gewoonte.........................................................24
4.4 Late ME (12e-16e eeuw): Renaissance, inquisitie, constitutionalisme en parlementarisme .......25
4.5 Nieuwe (vroegmoderne) Tijd (16e-17e eeuw): absolute macht versus scheiding der machten ...28
4.6 Moderne Tijd (vanaf 18e eeuw): Verlichting en ontstaan grondwet en klassiek strafrecht ..........29
4.6.1 Focus op eerste grondwet............................................................................................ 31
4.7 Van Frans revolutionair SR naar Napoleontische codificatiegolf en Belgische klassieke SR .....33
4.8 Totalitarisme: crisis van constitutioneel strafrecht ................................................................34
4.9 Reacties op WO II en impact op (Belgisch) strafrecht.............................................................35
4.10 Strafrechtstheoretische epiloog ...........................................................................................38
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, RECHT EN CRIMINOLOGIE
5 Europees mensenrechtelijk perspectief ................................................................................ 39
5.1 Grondwettelijke verankering van strafrecht ...........................................................................39
5.2 Waarom Raad van Europa en EVRM? ....................................................................................41
5.2.1 Werking Raad van Europa (RvE) .................................................................................... 42
5.2.2 Niet te verwarren met Europese Unie (EU) .................................................................... 42
5.3 Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens (EHRM) .............................................................43
5.4 Inhoud EVRM?.....................................................................................................................44
5.5 Impact van case-law van EHRM op straf(proces)recht ...........................................................45
5.5.1 Voorbeelden HUDOC (databank EHRM) ....................................................................... 45
6 Belgisch constitutioneel perspectief..................................................................................... 47
6.1 Ontstaan Belgische Grondwet en fundamentele wijzigingen ..................................................47
6.2 Formele grondwet ...............................................................................................................48
6.3 Materiële grondwet .............................................................................................................48
6.3.1 Scheiding der machten ................................................................................................ 48
6.3.2 Rechten en vrijheden van burgers................................................................................. 49
6.4 Het Grondwettelijk Hof ........................................................................................................51
6.4.1 Andere vormen van constitutionele toetsing ................................................................. 53
6.5 Bevoegdheidsverdeling op vlak van straf(proces)recht ..........................................................53
6.5.1 Staatshervormingen .................................................................................................... 53
6.5.2 Bijzondere Meerderheidswetten................................................................................... 54
6.5.3 Beleidsniveaus in België .............................................................................................. 55
6.5.3.1 Strafrechtelijke handhaving ..................................................................................... 56
6.5.3.2 Bestuurlijke handhaving........................................................................................... 56
6.5.4 Bevoegdheidsverdeling in België (op strafrechtelijk vlak) ............................................... 57
6.5.4.1 Art. 11 BWHI............................................................................................................ 58
6.5.4.2 Art. 11bis BWHI ....................................................................................................... 58
6.5.5 Epiloog: (strafrechtelijke) bevoegdheden van centrale beleidsniveaus in België.............. 59
6.5.5.1 Federaal niveau ....................................................................................................... 59
6.5.5.2 Gemeenschappen ................................................................................................... 59
6.5.5.3 Gewesten ............................................................................................................... 59
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