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, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY However, scientists use the term to mean
OUTLINE more than a person's persona, or public
image. To them, personality is a pattern
Introduction to Personality Theory of relatively permanent traits or
characteristics that give some consistency
Psychodynamic Theories to a person's behavior.
Freud: Psychoanalysis
Adler: Individual Psychology What Is a Theory?
Jung: Analytical Psychology Theories are tools used by scientists to
Klein: Object Relations Theory generate research and organize
Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory observations.
Fromm: Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Theory Defined
Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory
A theory is a set of related
Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory assumptions that allows
scientists to use logical
Learning Theories deductive reasoning to
Skinner: Behavioral Analysis formulate testable hypotheses.
Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory
Rotter and Mischel: Cognitive Theory and Its Relatives
Social Learning Theory The term theory is often used
incorrectly to imply something other
Dispositional Theories than a scientific concept. Although
Cattel and Eysenck: Trait and theory has some relationship with
Factor Theories philosophy, speculation,
Allport: Psychology of the Individual hypothesis, and taxonomy, it is
not the same as any of these.
Humanistic/Existential Theories Philosophy-the love of wisdom-is
Kelly: Psychology of Personal a broader term than theory, but
Constructs one of its branches-
Rogers: Person Centered Theory epistemology-relates to the
Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory nature of knowledge, and
May: Existential Psychology theories are used by scientists in
the pursuit of knowledge.
Theories rely on speculation, but
INTRODUCTION OF PERSONALITY speculation in the absence of
controlled observations and
THEORY empirical research is essentially
worthless. Hypothesis, or
Overview of Personality Theory
educated guess, is a narrower term
Personality theorists (1) make
than theory. A single theory may
controlled observations of
generate hundreds of
human behavior and
hypotheses. Taxonomy means a
(2) speculate on the meaning of
classification system, and
those observations. Differences in
theories often rely on some sort
theories are due
of classification of data.
to more than differences in
However, taxonomies do not
terminology; they stem from differences
among theorists generate hypotheses.
on basic issues concerning the nature of Why Different Theories?
humanity. Psychologists and other
scientists generate a variety of
What Is Personality?
theories because they have
The term personality has several
different life experiences and
definitions. In everyday language, the
different ways of looking at the
word personality refers to one's social
same data.
skills, charisma, and popularity.
, Theorists' Personalities and Their Theories personality, some psychologists
of Personality have proposed the psychology of
Because personality theories flow science, a discipline that
from an individual theorist's
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