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SAMENVATTING 24/25 (Tim Opgenhaffen)
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Inleiding tot het rechtAcademiejaar 2024 – 2025
Prof. Tim Opgenhaffen
,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1: INTRODUCTIE ....................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Teaser ................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2. Wat zegt de teaser over het recht? ..................................................................................................... 8
HOOFDSTUK 2: WAT IS RECHT? .................................................................................................. 10
2.1. Objectief VS subjectief recht............................................................................................................. 10
2.1.1. Wat is het verschil? ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.2. Objectief recht ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.1.3. Subjectief recht ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.2. Het recht opdelen............................................................................................................................. 14
2.2.1. Nationaal – internationaal – supranationaal ................................................................................... 14
2.2.2. Publiek recht – privaatrecht (= summa divisio) ............................................................................... 14
HOOFDSTUK 3: FUNDAMENTELE BEGINSELEN .......................................................................... 15
3.1. Alleen personen hebben rechtspersoonlijkheid ................................................................................ 15
3.1.1. Rechtssubjecten .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2. Rechtsobjecten ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.2. Bronnen van recht ............................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.1. Materiële en formele bronnen van recht ........................................................................................ 17
3.2.2. Materiële en formele wetten .......................................................................................................... 18
3.3. Voorrangsregels ............................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2. De hogere wet gaat voor op de lagere wet ..................................................................................... 19
3.3.3. De bijzondere wet gaat voor op de algemene wet.......................................................................... 20
3.3.4. De nieuwe wet gaat voor op de oudere wet ................................................................................... 20
3.4. Interpretatie van het recht ............................................................................................................... 21
HOOFDSTUK 4: GRONDWET ....................................................................................................... 22
4.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2. Basisbeginselen ................................................................................................................................ 22
4.2.1. Rechtsstaat ...................................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.2. Soevereiniteit .................................................................................................................................. 23
4.2.3. Scheiding der machten .................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4. Grondwettelijke, parlementaire en erfelijke monarchie ................................................................. 26
4.3. De grondwet wijzigen ....................................................................................................................... 27
4.4. De Belgische nationaliteit (themacollege) ......................................................................................... 27
4.4.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1.1. Waarom dit thema ...................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1.2. De essentie van de Belgische nationaliteit .................................................................................. 28
4.4.2. De nationaliteit verwerven .............................................................................................................. 29
2
, 4.4.2.1. Toekenning aan minderjarigen ................................................................................................... 29
4.4.2.2. Verkrijging door meerderjarigen ................................................................................................. 31
4.4.3. De nationaliteit verliezen ................................................................................................................ 32
4.4.3.1. Door afstand................................................................................................................................ 32
4.4.3.2. Door automatisch verlies ............................................................................................................ 33
4.4.3.3. Door vervallenverklaring ............................................................................................................. 34
4.4.4. Hebben vreemdelingen geen rechten? ........................................................................................... 34
HOOFDSTUK 5: BELGISCHE STAATSTRUCTUUR .......................................................................... 35
5.1. De staatstructuur ............................................................................................................................. 35
5.1.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 35
5.1.2. Van eenheidsstaat naar federale staat ............................................................................................ 35
5.1.3. Taalgebieden als leidraad ................................................................................................................ 36
5.1.4. Twee soorten deelstaten ................................................................................................................. 37
5.2. Bevoegdheden ................................................................................................................................. 37
5.2.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 37
5.2.2. Basisprincipes van de bevoegdheidsverdeling ................................................................................ 38
5.2.3. De bevoegdheden ........................................................................................................................... 39
5.3. Bevoegdheidsrechtelijke knopen ...................................................................................................... 41
5.3.1. Brussel ............................................................................................................................................. 41
5.3.2. Faciliteitengemeenten ..................................................................................................................... 42
HOOFDSTUK 6: WETGEVENDE MACHT....................................................................................... 43
6.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 43
6.1.1. “DE” wetgevende macht bestaat niet ............................................................................................. 43
6.1.2. Asymmetrische opbouw op deelstaatniveau .................................................................................. 43
6.1.3. Belangrijk ......................................................................................................................................... 44
6.2. Samenstelling ................................................................................................................................... 44
6.2.1. Federale wetgeving ......................................................................................................................... 44
6.2.2. Deelstaten ....................................................................................................................................... 45
6.3. Statuut ............................................................................................................................................. 46
6.3.1. Federale wetgeving ......................................................................................................................... 46
6.3.2. Deelstaten ....................................................................................................................................... 47
6.4. Totstandkomingsproces wetgeving .................................................................................................. 47
6.4.1. Federale wetgeving ......................................................................................................................... 47
6.4.2. Deelstaten ....................................................................................................................................... 51
6.4.3. Werking in de tijd ............................................................................................................................ 51
HOOFDSTUK 7: UITVOERENDE MACHT ...................................................................................... 53
7.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 53
7.2. Samenstelling ................................................................................................................................... 53
7.2.1. Federale uitvoerende macht ........................................................................................................... 53
7.2.2. Deelstaten ....................................................................................................................................... 55
7.3. Bevoegdheid .................................................................................................................................... 55
7.3.1. Federale uitvoerende macht ........................................................................................................... 55
3
, 7.3.2. Deelstaten ....................................................................................................................................... 56
7.4. Totstandkoming besluiten ................................................................................................................ 56
7.4.1. Federale uitvoerende macht ........................................................................................................... 56
7.4.2. Deelstaten ....................................................................................................................................... 57
7.5. Gedecentraliseerde besturen ........................................................................................................... 58
7.5.1. Deconcentratie en decentralisatie .................................................................................................. 58
7.5.2. Bevoegdheid .................................................................................................................................... 59
7.5.3. Provincies en gemeenten ................................................................................................................ 60
7.6. Administratieve rechtscolleges ......................................................................................................... 61
HOOFDSTUK 8: RECHTERLIJKE MACHT ....................................................................................... 62
8.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 62
8.1.1. Situering .......................................................................................................................................... 62
8.1.2. Afdwingbaarheid van subjectieve rechten ...................................................................................... 62
8.2. Begrippen en beginselen .................................................................................................................. 64
8.2.1. Rechtsmacht en bevoegdheid ......................................................................................................... 64
8.2.2. Onafhankelijk en onpartijdig ........................................................................................................... 64
8.2.3. Benoeming en ontslag ..................................................................................................................... 65
8.2.4. Rechtsmiddelen en kracht/gezag van gewijsde .............................................................................. 66
8.2.5. Vonnis vs. Arrest .............................................................................................................................. 66
8.2.6. Belangrijke beginselen..................................................................................................................... 67
8.3. Gerechtelijke rechtscolleges ............................................................................................................. 67
8.3.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 67
8.3.2. Kantons ............................................................................................................................................ 68
8.3.3. Arrondissementen ........................................................................................................................... 68
8.3.4. Rechtsgebieden ............................................................................................................................... 71
8.4. Hogere rechtscolleges ...................................................................................................................... 72
8.4.1. Hof van Cassatie .............................................................................................................................. 72
8.4.1.1. Wat is het .................................................................................................................................... 72
8.4.1.2. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................. 72
8.4.2. Het grondwettelijk hof .................................................................................................................... 73
8.4.2.1. Wat is het .................................................................................................................................... 73
8.4.2.2. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................. 75
8.4.3. Raad van State ................................................................................................................................. 77
8.4.3.1. Wat is het .................................................................................................................................... 77
8.4.3.2. Een voorbeeld ............................................................................................................................. 81
8.5. Hiërarchie der normen – samenvatting............................................................................................. 82
8.5.1. Exceptie van onwettigheid – art. 159 GW ....................................................................................... 82
8.5.2. Annulatieberoep RvS – art. 14 RvS-wet ........................................................................................... 82
8.5.3. Exceptie van internationale onrechtmatigheid ............................................................................... 82
8.5.4. Controle Grondwettelijk hof............................................................................................................ 83
8.6. Procesverloop.................................................................................................................................. 83
HOOFDSTUK 9: INTERNATIONAAL RECHT .................................................................................. 84
9.1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................... 84
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