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Volledige samenvatting penologie
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Een volledige samenvatting van het vak penologie van de master criminologische wetenschappen aan de Ugent.
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PENOLOGIEACADEMIEJAAR 2024 – 2025
INHOUD
Waarom straffen? ................................................................................................................................. 5
Straffen: een aloude en alledaagse praktijk ................................................................................. 5
Definitie(s) straf ............................................................................................................................... 5
Kenmerken ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Hoe bestraffing bestuderen? ....................................................................................................... 6
Straftheorieën ..................................................................................................................................... 7
types doelstellingen straffen ......................................................................................................... 7
Reflectie: waarom straffen? ....................................................................................................... 13
Relatieve autonomie ................................................................................................................... 13
punishment continuum ............................................................................................................... 14
Subjectieve zwaarte detentie .................................................................................................... 15
Factoren bij bestraffing ...................................................................................................................... 18
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 18
Percepties ..................................................................................................................................... 18
criminaliteit ~ bestraffing ............................................................................................................. 19
Factoren en invloeden op bestraffing ......................................................................................... 20
Externe factoren .......................................................................................................................... 20
Intermediaire factoren ................................................................................................................ 23
Interne factoren ........................................................................................................................... 27
stijgt punitiviteit?............................................................................................................................... 31
dimenties ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Effectiviteit van straffen: hoe meten we effectiviteit en wat begrijpen we eronder? ............... 33
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 33
Effectiviteit versus legitimiteit ...................................................................................................... 34
effectiviteitsonderzoek .................................................................................................................... 36
Soorten effectiviteitsonderzoek .................................................................................................. 36
Kritische reflecties ............................................................................................................................ 43
Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................... 44
(Inter)nationale standaarden en toezicht op detentie (gastcollege) ......................................... 45
Inleiding – opkomst rechten voor personen in detentie ............................................................. 45
Bronnen ............................................................................................................................................. 45
1
, Internationale instrumenten........................................................................................................ 45
Nationaal toezicht ........................................................................................................................... 52
Preventief ...................................................................................................................................... 52
Beklagrecht .................................................................................................................................. 53
Effecten van straffen en maatregelen ............................................................................................. 57
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 57
Deprivatiemodel (Sykes, 1958) ................................................................................................... 57
Importmodel (Irwin & Cressey, 1962) ......................................................................................... 57
Integratief model ......................................................................................................................... 57
context .............................................................................................................................................. 58
Effecten............................................................................................................................................. 59
mortificatieprocessen .................................................................................................................. 59
pains of imprisonment ................................................................................................................. 59
fase en duur detentie .................................................................................................................. 60
differentiatie ................................................................................................................................. 63
reflecties ........................................................................................................................................ 64
Effecten aSM ................................................................................................................................ 66
Tot besluit .......................................................................................................................................... 67
Import en deprivatie wordt export ............................................................................................ 67
Job-stress en werken in detentie ................................................................................................ 67
Impact van professionelen ......................................................................................................... 67
Comparative penology – Nordic exceptionalism (gastles) ........................................................... 70
Nordic Exceptionalism, according to Pratt (2008) and Pratt & Eriksson (2013) .................... 70
Nordic exceptionalism, according to the critics ...................................................................... 70
Advancing the NE-debate ............................................................................................................. 70
Recent theoretical and empirical contributions ...................................................................... 70
Penal Policymaking and the Prisoner Experience: A comparative analysis ........................ 71
An empirical test of the ‘Nordic exceptionalism thesis’ .......................................................... 71
Qualitative data – the entry/exit/post-release substudy ........................................................ 71
Qualitative data– substudies on women in prison and men convicted of sex offences ... 72
The survey ..................................................................................................................................... 72
The Deep End ............................................................................................................................... 73
What has happened since 2008 (when Pratts original article was published), and what did
we find out in the Comparative Penology project? ................................................................... 73
Number of people in prison has been stable, reduction in new entries to prisons .............. 73
More people are now punished in the community than in prison ........................................ 73
Did Pratt and Eriksson get it right, when we compare Norway and England? .................... 73
2
, Prisoner subjective experiences, England vs Norway (Crewe mfl. 2023) .............................. 74
Conclusion 1/2: What is ‘exceptional’ with Norwegian penal practices? ............................... 76
Effecten van detentie en ASM op context ...................................................................................... 77
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 78
(Indirecte) rol van (gevangenis)straf op de directe sociale omgeving ................................... 79
Contact gedetineerde met zijn/haar directe sociale omgeving tijdens detentie: hoe zit
het in praktijk/beleid? .................................................................................................................. 79
Rol gevangenisstraf op directe sociale omgeving .................................................................. 81
(Indirecte) rol van alternatieve afhandeling/straf(uitvoeringsmodaliteiten) op de directe
sociale omgeving ............................................................................................................................ 86
De rol van de maatschappelijke enquête ............................................................................... 86
Elektronisch toezicht en de rol van de directe sociale context ............................................. 87
Tussentijdse conclusie .................................................................................................................. 88
Perceptie van straffen door indirecte sociale omgeving .......................................................... 88
Conclusie .......................................................................................................................................... 90
Suicide in detentie .............................................................................................................................. 91
Algemeen ..................................................................................................................................... 91
Proces ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Model ............................................................................................................................................ 92
Detentie ............................................................................................................................................ 93
Kader ............................................................................................................................................. 95
Preventie ........................................................................................................................................... 98
Drugsbeleid in detentie .................................................................................................................... 101
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 101
Drugs en criminaliteit ................................................................................................................. 101
Vraagzijde: prevalentie ............................................................................................................. 101
Factoren ...................................................................................................................................... 103
beleid en interventies .................................................................................................................... 105
Opportuniteit .............................................................................................................................. 105
Beleid ........................................................................................................................................... 105
Interventies – vraagzijde ........................................................................................................... 106
Identificatie ................................................................................................................................. 107
Medicamenteus ......................................................................................................................... 107
Psychosociaal ............................................................................................................................. 107
Uitdagingen ................................................................................................................................ 108
Harm reduction .......................................................................................................................... 108
Detentieregime .......................................................................................................................... 109
3
,Praktijk ............................................................................................................................................. 110
KCE rapport 2017 ....................................................................................................................... 110
Kwalitatief onderzoek ................................................................................................................ 111
CPT ............................................................................................................................................... 112
Interventies – aanbodzijde ....................................................................................................... 112
Na vrijlating ................................................................................................................................. 113
4
, WAAROM STRAFFEN?
STRAFFEN: EEN ALOUDE EN ALLEDAAGSE PRAKTIJK
• Evenredig
• Onmiddellijk
• Consequent
• Aangepast
• …
De straf moet aangepast zijn aan het gedrag / de afwezigheid van het gedrag
Alledaagse straffen vertoont zekere gelijkenissen met straffen in SRB, Maar ook grote
verschillen:
• Wettelijk apparaat
• Gebruik van dwang
• Bureaucratisch proces
• Gespecialiseerd personeel
• …
• We bespreken straffen nu ook in de context van criminologie en niet pedagogie!
DEFINITIE(S) STRAF
- “…een leed door de wet bepaald en door de rechterlijke macht opgelegd als een
sanctie wegens een gepleegd misdrijf” (Hof van Cassatie, 1924)
- “punishment is ... the legal process whereby violators of the criminal law are
condemned and sanctioned in accordance with specified legal categories and
procedures” (Garland, 1990, p. 17)
- “punishment ... is punishment for crime, imposed by the judiciary in accordance with
penal law, and administered by penal institutions such as prisons and the probation
service” (Hudson, 2002, p. 234)
5
, KENMERKEN
Walker (1991): zeven kenmerken van straf
1. Er wordt ‘iets’ toegebracht aan een ander persoon, waarvan verondersteld wordt
dat het onaangenaam is
2. Het toebrengen van de straf is intentioneel en gebeurt om een bepaalde reden
3. Degenen die de straf opleggen, hebben daartoe het recht
4. De straf wordt opgelegd ter gelegenheid van een daad of een omissie, die een
overtreding van een wet, een regel of een gewoonte inhoudt
5. Degene die gestraft wordt heeft de inbreuk vrijwillig gepleegd
6. De redenen om te straffen moeten te rechtvaardigen zijn
7. Of de bestraffing werkelijk als straf wordt beschouwd, is afhankelijk van wat de
bestraffer verstaat onder bestraffing en niet van de opvatting van de gestrafte
Verondersteld → dus hoeft niet altijd het geval te zijn! Bv iemand die verplicht een
agressietraining moet ondergaan, maar hier wel iets aan heeft. Is dit dan ook een straf?
HOE BESTRAFFING BESTUDEREN?
- Wat doet ‘de penologie’?
- Traditioneel een beladen term… cf. Lewis (1953, p. 226):
“He is not entitled to an opinion even if, in addition to being a man, he should happen also to
be a jurist, a Christian, and a moral theologian. For they are not question about principle but
about matter of fact; and for such cuiquam in sua arte credendum. Only the expert
‘penologist’ (let barbarous things have barbarous names), in the light of previous experiment,
can tell us what is likely to deter: only the psychotherapist can tell us what is likely to cure. (…)
The Humanitarian theory, then, removes sentences from the hands of jurists whom the public
conscience is entitled to criticize and places them in the hands of technical experts whose
special sciences do not even employ such categories as rights or justice.”
- Wie bepaalt wat een goede straf is?
- Wie heeft recht van spreken?
Examenvraag; quote linken aan de les of uitleggen wat er mee wordt bedoelt.
̶ Penologie is … de wetenschappelijke studie van de bestraffing van normovertredend
gedrag” (Snacken & Beyens, 2017, p. 25) → Echter, dé penologie bestaat niet
Vanuit welk oogpunt wordt naar penologie en straffen gekeken?
Twee stromingen (ga je ook merken in de reader)
1. “Wat is penologie? Het woord roept bij mensen de vreemdste associaties op.
Penologie is de sociaal-wetenschappelijke bestudering van de oplegging en
tenuitvoerlegging van strafrechtelijke sancties. … In de penologie komen vragen aan
de orde als: wat houden de diverse sancties in; welke rechtstheoretische en
6
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