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Summary Glossary Introduction to Epidemiology and Public Health (HNH24806)
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Summary Introduction to Epidemiology and Public Health (HNH24806)
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Glossary assignmentIntroduction to Epidemiology and Public Health
Definition in own Synonyms
Calculation Units
Concept Definition (source) words/ (if Additional questions Other comments
(if applicable) (if applicable)
Example applicable)
WEEK 1
1. Prevalence proportion Measures the Number of people who have specific 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 Proportion (e.g. What is difference between Point prevalence=
proportion of people disease at a certain point in time. 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 5 in 100 prevalence proportion and snapshot/one point
𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
in a population who = persons) incidence proportion? in time
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
have the disease at a E.g. What is the percentage of COVID 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Prevalence are the existing
given point in time infection right now? 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Percentage (%) cases Period prevalence=
Incidence is how many new longer period
2. Incidence proportion (IP) Measures the E.g. How many new Cumulative 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 Proportion (e.g. cases in a certain period Only possible with
proportion of people people got COVID proportion 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 5 in 100 closed
𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 Reflection questions
who develop the since August 2024? = IC = persons) population/cohort
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
disease during a study
𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
specified period (new 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 Percentage (%) (complete follow-up)
cases!)
3. Incidence rate (IR) Rate of which new How fast people Incidence 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 Persons-years What is the difference Possible to calculate
cases of a disease have catch a disease/new density (ID) 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 (e.g. 3 cases in between incidence in open and closed
𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
occurred cases = 10 person- proportion and incidence cohort study
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛−𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Mortality rate 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 years) rate?
e.g. How fast did 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 IP because it aassumes that
people died of entire population at risk is
COVID in last 4 followed up for specified
years? period. No other people can
join in. It is expressed in
proportion or %
IR is more dynamic; people
come and go over often a
longer period of time. It is
expressed in person-years
4. Open cohort / dynamic Can take new People can come Open cohort / What is the difference between an open and a Only possible to
populations members with time and go (so with closed population? Can you think of examples calculate incidence
People move in and time new people Dynamic for both? rate
out of the area can join), but total population Closed: no new entries, fixed amount of
Numbers remain numbers remain people.
about the same about the same. No Open: people can enter and exit over time
No follow-up when follow-up when What is more precise? An incidence proportion
leaving they leave. or an incidence rate?
1
, Definition in own Synonyms
Calculation Units
Concept Definition (source) words/ (if Additional questions Other comments
(if applicable) (if applicable)
Example applicable)
Incidence rate IP because it has a closed population that will
E.g. people on WUR be followed during specific period. The date
campus over time will be more specific but limited.
(we don’t follow the IR can be more dynamic, where people can
students who leave come and go over often a longer period, what
the campus at end will be more complex to analyse.
of the day) /
5. Closed populations Based on fixed Closed population / Possible to calculate
membership IR or IP
No one can be added Fixed population
But people may die,
lost to follow-up etc. Eg. Birth control, X
Becomes smaller with amount of students
time are following this
Everyone is followed course over a
Incidence proportion complete time
Incidence rate
6. Approximate prevalence Prevalence varies In breast cancer the / P ≈ IR * D / Population must be
directly with incidence prevalence is high, stationary
𝑃
& duration but incidence low. ≈ IR * D
1−𝑃
Probably the
If incidence is low, and duration of the (only valid for diseases with low
duration is long disease is long. This frequency)
(chronic), prevalence is possible because
will be large in relation treatment is good,
to incidence. survival is good
If duration is short In contract, lung
(due to recovery, cancer, the number
migration or death), of prevalence &
prevalence will be incidence is almost
small in relation to similar… this means
incidence. that long cancer is
quiet fatal, not high
survival, so the
prevalence or every
year new cases…
7. Morbidity rate Used in general public 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 Incidence
health surveillance to 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
measure how common 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘
a disease is in a
population
2
, Definition in own Synonyms
Calculation Units
Concept Definition (source) words/ (if Additional questions Other comments
(if applicable) (if applicable)
Example applicable)
8. Case-fatality rate Used to assess the 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 Incidence
lethality of a disease, 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
particularly in
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
outbreak scenarios.
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
9. Attack rate Used during outbreaks 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 Incidence
to measure how 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘
quickly a disease is 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
spreading among
those at risk
10. Disease rate at autopsy Used in post-mortem 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 Prevalence
studies to determine 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑦
the prevalence of 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑠
diseases that were
undiagnosed before
death.
11. Birth defect rate To gain insights how to e.g. global neural 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑠 Prevalence
improve maternal tube defect rate 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
health and underlying
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒
issues to the
occurrence of birth
defect
3
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