D236 PATHO OA: EXAM, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
WHAT IS A WAY THAT ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CAN RECRUIT
INNATE IMMUNITY?
The innate immune response to microbes stimulates adaptive
immune responses and influences the nature of the adaptive
responses. Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by
enhancing the protective mechanisms of innate immunity, making
them more capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbes
WHY ARE SOME INFECTIONS HARDER ON CHILDREN WHILE
OTHER INFECTIONS ARE HARDER ON THE ELDERLY?
Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so they
lack memory cells and have not built-up immunity yet. The elderly
have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of battling
infections, so the likelihood of getting a match is less.
DESCRIBE HOW AND WHY OUR INJURY RESPONSE RESULTS
IN THE SIGNS OF REDNESS, SWELLING, HEAT, AND PAIN?
BE SURE TO USE CHEMOKINES, HISTAMINE, AND
VASODILATION IN YOUR RESPONSE.
An injury causes an inflammatory response which is responsible
for the redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury, cells on the
surface begin to release chemokines which act as messengers
that something has happened. Mast cells are also alerted to
release histamines which travel to the endothelial cells of
capillaries and causes vasodilation, which is related to swelling
, and redness. Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become
leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines and even
pathogen particles to enter the blood stream where they are met
by neutrophils (non-specific) which start to adhere to the capillary
wall and squeeze through the leaky holes (diapedesis or
extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to
phagocytose foreign particles. Other B cells, T cells (specific) and
the complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall to
create an area of congestion.
EXPLAIN DOMINANT VS RECESSIVE GENETIC DISEASES.
WHAT IS A "CARRIER" IN RECESSIVE GENETIC DISEASES?
The human genome contains 23 pairs of chromosome (22
autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes). The pairs are
homologous and contain the same genes in the same order. This
means that every gene has a copy, one inherited from your
mother and the other from your father. Not all versions of a gene
(alleles) are treated the same by the cell. Some are expressed
over others. A dominant gene is a gene that is expressed, even if
you only have one copy. The dominant gene will be expressed
over the recessive gene, which must have two copies to be
expressed. In a dominant genetic disease, all it takes is one copy
of the disease to have the disease. Recessive genetic diseases
require that the individual gets two copies of the gene to have the
disease. Someone who is a carrier for a recessive genetic disease
is healthy, but contains a copy of the disease gene, potentially
passing it to their offspring.
DESCRIBE HOW TO DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY OF
CLINICAL OUTCOMES GIVEN INFORMATION ABOUT THE
PARENTS (EG TWO HETEROZYGOUS CARRIERS OF SICKLE
CELL DISEASE)
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
WHAT IS A WAY THAT ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY CAN RECRUIT
INNATE IMMUNITY?
The innate immune response to microbes stimulates adaptive
immune responses and influences the nature of the adaptive
responses. Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by
enhancing the protective mechanisms of innate immunity, making
them more capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbes
WHY ARE SOME INFECTIONS HARDER ON CHILDREN WHILE
OTHER INFECTIONS ARE HARDER ON THE ELDERLY?
Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so they
lack memory cells and have not built-up immunity yet. The elderly
have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of battling
infections, so the likelihood of getting a match is less.
DESCRIBE HOW AND WHY OUR INJURY RESPONSE RESULTS
IN THE SIGNS OF REDNESS, SWELLING, HEAT, AND PAIN?
BE SURE TO USE CHEMOKINES, HISTAMINE, AND
VASODILATION IN YOUR RESPONSE.
An injury causes an inflammatory response which is responsible
for the redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury, cells on the
surface begin to release chemokines which act as messengers
that something has happened. Mast cells are also alerted to
release histamines which travel to the endothelial cells of
capillaries and causes vasodilation, which is related to swelling
, and redness. Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become
leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines and even
pathogen particles to enter the blood stream where they are met
by neutrophils (non-specific) which start to adhere to the capillary
wall and squeeze through the leaky holes (diapedesis or
extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to
phagocytose foreign particles. Other B cells, T cells (specific) and
the complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall to
create an area of congestion.
EXPLAIN DOMINANT VS RECESSIVE GENETIC DISEASES.
WHAT IS A "CARRIER" IN RECESSIVE GENETIC DISEASES?
The human genome contains 23 pairs of chromosome (22
autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes). The pairs are
homologous and contain the same genes in the same order. This
means that every gene has a copy, one inherited from your
mother and the other from your father. Not all versions of a gene
(alleles) are treated the same by the cell. Some are expressed
over others. A dominant gene is a gene that is expressed, even if
you only have one copy. The dominant gene will be expressed
over the recessive gene, which must have two copies to be
expressed. In a dominant genetic disease, all it takes is one copy
of the disease to have the disease. Recessive genetic diseases
require that the individual gets two copies of the gene to have the
disease. Someone who is a carrier for a recessive genetic disease
is healthy, but contains a copy of the disease gene, potentially
passing it to their offspring.
DESCRIBE HOW TO DETERMINE THE PROBABILITY OF
CLINICAL OUTCOMES GIVEN INFORMATION ABOUT THE
PARENTS (EG TWO HETEROZYGOUS CARRIERS OF SICKLE
CELL DISEASE)
