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Samenvatting Virologie - MLT3 - HoGent
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samenvatting virologie met afbeelding, uitgebreid
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VIROLOGIEINHOUD
HOOFDSTUK 1: BASISBEGRIPPEN VAN DE VIROLOGIE ................................................................................... 4
1.1 Algemene eigenschappen van virussen ................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Morfologie van virussen ........................................................................................................................ 4
HOOFDSTUK 2: BENAMING EN INDELING VAN VIRUSSEN .............................................................................. 6
2.1. Klasse I: dsDNA virussen ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. Klasse II: ssDNA virussen ..................................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Klasse III: dsRNA virussen .................................................................................................................... 9
2.4. Klasse IV en V: ssRNA virussen, +sense en -sense ................................................................................ 9
2.5. Klasse VI en VII: reverse transcriptase virussen met enveloppe ........................................................... 11
HOOFDSTUK 3: INVLOED VAN FYSISCHE EN CHEMISCHE AGENTIA OP VIRUSSEN ....................................... 14
3.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.2 Algemeen verloop inactivatie .............................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Inactiverende en preserverende agentia .............................................................................................. 15
HOOFDSTUK 4: INTRACELLULAIRE VIRUSVERMENIGVULDIGING ................................................................. 18
4.1 Vermenigvuldiging van bacteriofagen .................................................................................................. 18
4.2 Vermenigvuldiging bij dierlijke virussen ............................................................................................... 20
1. Poliovirus (IV).................................................................................................................................... 20
2. SARS-CoV-2 virus ............................................................................................................................. 21
3. Rhabdoviridae (Rabiësvirus) .............................................................................................................. 22
4. Rotavirus (Reoviridae) ....................................................................................................................... 23
5. Adenovirus ....................................................................................................................................... 24
6. Vacciniavirus .................................................................................................................................... 25
7. Retrovirussen: HIV virus .................................................................................................................... 26
8. Retrovirussen: Hepatitis B virus ......................................................................................................... 26
HOOFDSTUK 5: DE GEVOLGEN VAN EEN VIRALE INFECTIE ........................................................................... 27
5.1 Cellulaire en virale factoren ................................................................................................................ 27
HOOFDSTUK 6: ALGEMENE PATHOGENESE EN SYMPTOMATOLOGIE VAN VIRALE INFECTIES ....................... 28
6.1 Pathogeen verloop.............................................................................................................................. 28
6.2 Bescherming virale infecties ............................................................................................................... 28
6.3 Genezing virale infecties ..................................................................................................................... 29
6.4 Persistentie van immuniteit ................................................................................................................ 29
HOOFDSTUK 7: LABOTECHNIEKEN IN DE VIROLOGIE .................................................................................. 30
7.1 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 30
7.2. Zuivering en aan concentratie van virussen ........................................................................................ 30
1
, 7.3. Bepaling afmetingen virussen............................................................................................................ 30
7.4. Kweken van virussen .................................................................................................................... 30
7.4 Diagnose virale infectie....................................................................................................................... 31
KWALITATIEF ........................................................................................................................................ 31
KWANTITATIEF ..................................................................................................................................... 32
METHODES: ......................................................................................................................................... 34
Interpretatie labotesten: ....................................................................................................................... 37
HOOFDSTUK 8: ANTIVIRALE GENEESMIDDELEN .......................................................................................... 38
8.1 Virusadsorptie en penetratie verstoren ................................................................................................ 38
EFFECT OP BINNENDRINGEN ............................................................................................................... 39
EFFECT OP MATURATIE ........................................................................................................................ 39
8.2 Synthesereactie verstoren .................................................................................................................. 40
8.3 Maturatie en budding verstoren........................................................................................................... 41
8.4 Interferon en interferon-inductoren ..................................................................................................... 42
HOOFDSTUK 9: HEPATITIS VIRUSSEN .......................................................................................................... 43
9.1 Virale hepatitis ................................................................................................................................... 43
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................... 44
Klinisch verloop .................................................................................................................................... 44
Diagnose.............................................................................................................................................. 44
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................... 44
Klinisch verloop .................................................................................................................................... 44
Therapie ............................................................................................................................................... 44
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................... 44
Bouw ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................... 45
Prevalentie ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Overdracht ........................................................................................................................................... 45
Klinisch verloop .................................................................................................................................... 45
Bouw ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Diagnose.............................................................................................................................................. 47
Therapie ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Eigenschappen .................................................................................................................................... 48
Bouw ................................................................................................................................................... 48
Klinisch verloop .................................................................................................................................... 48
Diagnose.............................................................................................................................................. 48
Therapie ............................................................................................................................................... 48
HOOFDSTUK 10: HIV ................................................................................................................................... 49
10.1 Beschrijving HIV ............................................................................................................................... 49
10.2 Structuur van HIV ............................................................................................................................. 49
2
, HIV virion bestaat uit….......................................................................................................................... 50
10.3 Genoom van HIV............................................................................................................................... 50
HIV genoom vs. genproducten .............................................................................................................. 50
10.4 Cyclus van HIV ................................................................................................................................. 52
10.5 Diagnose en prognose ...................................................................................................................... 53
10.7 Therapie ........................................................................................................................................... 54
3
, HOOFDSTUK 1: BASISBEGRIPPEN VAN DE VIROLOGIE
1.1 Algemene eigenschappen van virussen
Virussen: heterogene klasse infectieuze agenten
Kenmerken:
1. Bezitten genoom dat uit RNA of DNA bestaat en in een proteïne enveloppe (capside) ingesloten wordt
2. Vermenigvuldiging
1. Intracellullair: volledig vd cel afhankelijk voor bouwstenen en energie (enzymen, AZ, nucleotide
pool,…)
2. Parasieten op genetisch niveau
3. Viraal genoom = nieuw ingebrachte informatie die het metabolisme vd cel deels of totaal
overneemt
4. Capside proteïnen zijn antigenisch en rol in immuniteit
5. Begint altijd met een initiële stap: adsorptie en penetratie in de cel, daarna vrijkomen vd NZ uit
capside
6. Karakteristieke vermenigvuldigingswijze: aangezien virus zelf niet over nodige machinerie
beschikt voor eigen vermenigvuldiging → die vd cel gebruiken
Na eclipse fase (virus zelf onopspoorbaar = niet-infectieus) worden de elementen vh virus afzonderlijk
in groot # gevormd en achteraf in mekaar gezet tot volwaardige virusdeeltjes
3. Afmetingen van 20 nm tot 300 nm (uitzondering: mimivirus 400 nm)
1.2 Morfologie van virussen
Virion = het volwaardig infectieus virusdeeltje dat buiten de gastheer kristalliseerbaar is
Eiwithuls = het capside, samengesteld uit verschillende onderdelen (= capsomeren)
Eiwithuls omringt het NZ → samen: nucleocapside
Nucleocapside kan naakt voorkomen of omringd zijn door uitwendige lagen (enveloppe)
Naakte virussen
TMV: tabaksmozaïekvirus
▪ Staaf
▪ Capside is holle eiwitcilinder >helixvormig gerangschikte capsomeren
▪ In de holle buis: NZ (RNA)
Sferische virussen: Adenovirus, Poliomyelitis
▪ Capside vormt regelmatig twintigvlak = icosahedron, icosaëder
▪ Capside bepaalt de vorm vh virus
4
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