Summary - Biology for you chapter 2 (2.1 to 2.3 and 2.6) and 3 (3.1 to 3.5 and 3.8)
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Course
Biologie
Institution
Book
Biologie voor jou
Hi, this document contains a summary of the book biology for you chapter 2 and chapter 3. I wrote the summary myself in the second grade of VWO (bilingual), but other classes may also cover this material. The summary is about the digestive system, circulatory system, excretion (from kidneys) and bl...
Biology 2.1
- Food products and nutrients
Foods = all the products that you can eat or drink
- Vegetable foodstuffs: the roots, stems, leaves, fruits or seeds
- Animal-based foodstuffs: parts of animals (meat or fish) and
products of animals (eggs, milk)
- Dietary fibre: all the indigestible parts of a plant derived food
Nutrients Functions
- Building blocks: used in making cells and tissues (particularly for growth,
development and recovery in the body)
- Fuels: provide energy needed for movement and to keep your body temperature up
and for growth, development and repairs to your body
- Food reserves: are stored in certain parts of the body
- Protective substances that make sure that you stay healthy
The nutrients and their function
- Proteins: building blocks, also as fuel
> Too many proteins are converted into fad and stored as food reserves
- Carbohydrates: fuel, also as building blocks and reserves
> Sugars (glucose), starch and glycogen are examples of carbohydrates
> Too many proteins are converted into fad and stored as food reserves
> Glucose can be converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and the muscles
- Fats: fuel, also building blocks and reserves
> Fats can also be stored as food reserves under the skin
- Water: building materials
> Is important for instance in transporting substances around the body
- Minerals (salts): building materials and protective substances
> Example: calcium phosphate for building bones
- Vitamins: building materials and protective substances
> Vitamins are identified by letters
> Examples: vitamin A for producing skin and seeing well; vitamin d for fixing
calcium phosphate in bones
, Biology 2.2
- The digestive system
Digestive system
- A system where nutrients from the food are absorbed into the bloodstream.
> Some nutrients can pass through the wall of the intestines and be taken up into
the blood. (water, minerals, glucose and vitamins)
> Other nutrients cannot pass through the intestinal wall. (proteins, carbohydrates,
starch and fats)
Chewing and breaking down larger nutrients molecules
- During digestion, larger nutrient molecules are broken
into smaller digestion products.
> The breakdown is done in 2 steps:
1. ) Converting the nutrients using digestive juices
2. ) Breaking the food into small pieces by chewing
- You have different types of teeth:
> 1. ) incisors: cutting off pieces of food
2. ) canines: cutting off pieces of food (canines are more pointed than the incisors)
3. ) molars: knobbly top surface, breaks your food down into small pieces
- Chewing also has a digestive function, because food has been broken down into
little pieces.
> This is known as mechanical digestion.
- Chewing your food increases its surface area
Digestive juices
- Digestive juices make sure that the substances in your food are broken down into
smaller and smaller substances. (digestion products)
- Chemical reactions take place: substances are converted into other substances.
> the part of the digestive process is therefore called chemical digestion
- Examples of digestive juices are saliva and gastric.
- Digestive juices are made by the digestive glands.
> The digestive glands are:
1. ) the salivary glands
2. ) the gastric glands
3. ) the liver
4. ) the pancreas
5. ) the intestinal glands
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