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Samenvatting - Psychologie
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Volledige samenvatting psychologie voor 1ste bachelor recht & criminologie studenten.
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Lander Peeters 2023-2024 Inleiding tot de psychologiePsychologie
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1 Geest, gedrag & psychologie als wetenschap..................................................................................... 10
1.1 Wat is psychologie en wat is het niet? ........................................................................................ 10
1.1.1 Wat is het niet?..................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 Wat is kritisch nadenken? ............................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Wat doen psychologen? .............................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Vanuit welke perspectieven werken hedendaagse psychologen? .............................................. 11
1.4.1 biologisch .............................................................................................................................. 11
1.4.2 cognitief ................................................................................................................................ 12
1.4.3 behavioristisch ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.4 gehele-persoon..................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.5 ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................... 14
1.4.6 socio-culturele invalshoek .................................................................................................... 15
1.5 Hoe vergaren psychologen nieuwe kennis? ................................................................................ 15
1.5.1 empirisch onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 15
1.5.2 theorie .................................................................................................................................. 15
1.5.3 wetenschappelijke methode ................................................................................................ 15
1.6 soorten psychologisch onderzoek ............................................................................................... 16
1.6.1 experimenten ....................................................................................................................... 16
1.6.2 correlatieonderzoek ............................................................................................................. 17
1.6.3 survey (enquête)................................................................................................................... 18
1.6.4 natuurlijke observaties ......................................................................................................... 18
1.6.5 gevalstudies .......................................................................................................................... 18
1.6.6 bronnen van vertekening (bias) ............................................................................................ 18
1.7 ethische kwesties / richtlijnen in psychologisch onderzoek ........................................................ 19
1.8 voorbeeld multiple choice vraag ................................................................................................. 20
2 biopsychologie, neuroowetenschap en de menselijke natuur ........................................................... 20
2.1 Wat is biopsychologie .................................................................................................................. 20
2.2 Wat is het verband tussen genen en gedrag (omgeving) ............................................................ 20
2.2.1 aangeboren verband ............................................................................................................ 20
2.2.2 evolutie verband ................................................................................................................... 20
2.2.3 genen & erfelijkheid ............................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Hoe is de interne communicatie van het lichaam geregeld? ...................................................... 21
,Lander Peeters 2023-2024 Inleiding tot de psychologie
2.3.1 de twee communicatiesystemen van het lichaam: .............................................................. 21
2.3.2 soorten neuronen ................................................................................................................. 21
2.3.3 neurotransmitters (7) ............................................................................................................... 22
2.3.3.1 dopamine........................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.3.2 serotonine ......................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.3.3 noradrenaline .................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.3.4 acetylcholine...................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.3.5 GABA ................................................................................................................................. 23
2.3.3.6 glutamine .......................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.3.7 endorfinen ......................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.4 gliacellen ............................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.5 plasticiteit ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.3.7 het endocriene stelsel .......................................................................................................... 25
2.4 hoe produceren de hersenen gedrag en mentale processen? .................................................... 26
2.4.1 vensters op de hersenen ...................................................................................................... 26
2.4.2 de drie lagen in de hersenen ................................................................................................ 26
3 sensatie en perceptie ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.1 sensatie........................................................................................................................................ 33
3.2 perceptie...................................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 hoe verandert stimulatie in sensatie? ......................................................................................... 33
3.3.1 transductie............................................................................................................................ 33
3.3.2 sensorische adaptatie ........................................................................................................... 33
3.3.3 psychofysica: drempels (tresholds) ...................................................................................... 34
3.3.4 signaal detectie theorie ........................................................................................................ 34
3.4 waarin lijken de zintuigen op elkaar, waarin zijn ze verschillend? .............................................. 34
3.4.1 kenmerken van de zintuigen................................................................................................. 35
3.4.2 gezichtsvermogen ................................................................................................................. 35
3.4.3 gehoor .................................................................................................................................. 38
3.4.4 vestibulair orgaan en kinesthetisch zintuig .......................................................................... 41
3.4.5 reukvermogen ...................................................................................................................... 41
3.4.5 smaakzin ............................................................................................................................... 42
3.4.6 huidzintuigen ........................................................................................................................ 42
3.4.7 pijn ........................................................................................................................................ 42
3.5 wat is de relatie tussen perceptie en sensatie?........................................................................... 43
3.6 paden in de hersenen .................................................................................................................. 43
3.6.1 het systeem van perceptuele verwerking ............................................................................ 43
,Lander Peeters 2023-2024 Inleiding tot de psychologie
3.6.2 bottom-up en top-down verwerking .................................................................................... 43
3.6.3 perceptuele constanties ....................................................................................................... 43
3.6.4 perceptuele ambiguïteit en vervorming ............................................................................... 43
3.6.5 theoretische verklaringen van perceptie (Helmholtz) .......................................................... 44
4 leren.................................................................................................................................................... 48
4.1 hoe verklaart klassieke conditionering leren? ............................................................................. 48
4.1.1 experiment Pavlov ................................................................................................................ 48
4.1.2 kernpunten van klassieke conditionering ............................................................................. 48
4.1.3 de basiskenmerken van klassieke conditionering................................................................. 49
4.1.4 verwerving grafiek ................................................................................................................ 50
4.1.5 klassieke conditionering ....................................................................................................... 50
4.1.6 conditionering van hogere orde ........................................................................................... 51
4.1.7 toepassingen van klassieke conditionering .......................................................................... 51
4.1.8 een uitdaging aan Pavlov ...................................................................................................... 51
4.1.9 klassieke conditionering in reclame ..................................................................................... 51
4.2 hoe leren we nieuw gedrag door operante conditionering?....................................................... 52
4.2.1 theorie Thorndike: ................................................................................................................ 52
4.2.2 Skinner’s radicale behaviorisme ........................................................................................... 52
4.2.3 de invloed van bekrachtiging ................................................................................................ 52
4.2.4 contingenties van bekrachtiging ........................................................................................... 52
4.2.5 bekrachtigingschema’s ......................................................................................................... 53
4.2.6 de invloed van bekrachtiging ................................................................................................ 53
4.2.7 bekrachtigingen van meer gewenste activiteiten................................................................. 54
4.2.8 straf vs. Negatieve bekrachtiging .......................................................................................... 54
4.2.9 soorten straf ......................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.10 gebruik van straf ................................................................................................................. 55
4.2.11 vergelijking tussen klassieke en operante conditionering .................................................. 56
4.2.12 de complementaire werking van klassieke en operante conditionering............................ 57
4.3 hoe verklaart de cognitieve psychologie leren? .......................................................................... 57
4.3.1 inzichtelijk leren: Köhler ....................................................................................................... 57
4.3.2 Leren door observatie: Bandura’s uitdaging aan het behaviorisme ..................................... 58
4.3.3 invloed geweld op TV ........................................................................................................... 59
4.3.4 leren door observatie toegepast op sociale problemen overal ter wereld .......................... 59
4.3.5 rol van de hersenen in leren ................................................................................................. 59
4.3.6 verband met stimulus-respons leren met cognitief leren .................................................... 59
4.3.7 spiegelneuronen / spiegelcellen in de hersenen ............................................................. 59
, Lander Peeters 2023-2024 Inleiding tot de psychologie
4.3.8 sociaal-constructivisme en het ‘nieuwe leren’ ..................................................................... 59
5 geheugen ....................................................................................................................................... 60
5.1 wat is geheugen ........................................................................................................................... 60
5.1.1 metaforen voor geheugen .................................................................................................... 60
5.1.2 de drie essentiële functies van het geheugen ...................................................................... 60
5.2 Hoe vormen we herinneringen ................................................................................................... 61
5.2.1 de drie geheugensystemen: model van Atkinson en Shiffrin 1968 ..................................... 61
5.2.2 de drie stadia van het geheugen vergeleken ........................................................................ 61
5.3 hoe halen we herinneringen op? ................................................................................................ 65
5.3.1 priming ................................................................................................................................. 65
5.3.2 expliciete herinneringen ophalen......................................................................................... 66
5.3.3 andere factoren die het ophalen beïnvloeden ..................................................................... 66
5.4 waarom laat ons geheugen ons soms in de steek – de zeven zonden van het geheugen. ......... 66
5.4.1 vluchtigheid .......................................................................................................................... 67
5.4.2 verstrooidheid ...................................................................................................................... 68
5.4.3 blokkades .............................................................................................................................. 68
5.4.4 foutieve attributie ................................................................................................................. 68
5.4.5 suggestibiliteit ...................................................................................................................... 68
5.4.6 bias ....................................................................................................................................... 69
5.4.7 persistentie ........................................................................................................................... 69
5.5 de voordelen van de “zeven zonden” van het geheugen. ........................................................... 70
5.6 het geheugen verbeteren met mnemonieken ............................................................................ 70
5.7 Hoe leren voor het examen? ....................................................................................................... 70
5.7.1 vluchtigheid voorkomen ....................................................................................................... 70
5.7.2 blokkades voorkomen .......................................................................................................... 70
6 bijdrage aan van de psychologie aan de rechtspraak: een introductie .............................................. 71
6.1 Rechters, aanklagers en advocaten kunnen een beroep doen op psychologen voor: ................ 71
6.2 ontoerekeningsvatbaarheid (vrijstelling gevangenisstraf)........................................................... 71
6.3 onweerstaanbare dwang (vrijstelling gevangenisstraf) ............................................................... 71
6.4 voorspellen van geweld ............................................................................................................... 71
6.4.1 Risico- (R) of beschermings- (B) factoren voor geweld ........................................................ 71
6.4.2 voorspellen geweld............................................................................................................... 72
6.5 identificatie door ooggetuigen. ................................................................................................... 72
7 psychologische ontwikkeling .............................................................................................................. 72
7.1 Hoe verklaren psychologen ontwikkeling? .................................................................................. 72
7.1.1 interactie tussen aangeboren en aangeleerd ....................................................................... 72
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