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academic skills summary
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academic skills(philosophy) summary as taught at erasmus university in the first year
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Plato’s rationalism (deduction)- Information comes through our mind and thoughts.
- You cannot step in the same river twice.
- Plato’s cave as an allegory for human existence (argument).
- World of forms (realm where people come from and remember
information from by using their mind and not observation).
Aristotle’s empiricism (induction)
- Information comes through our observations and perceptions.
- Syllogism (premise, premise, conclusion).
- Nous (intuition that unobservable things are true).
- Tabula Rasa.
Induction: I conclude (from observation)
Deduction: I predict (from universal laws)
Francis Bacon
- Knowledge should be based on observation and should not rely on
faith.
- Bacon told us not to put blind faith in human beings because of the
tribes.
o Idols of the tribe: your perception can deceive you and jump
to conclusions that you follow blindly.
o Idols of the cave: our character may make us embrace
tradition or novelty.
o Idols of the marketplace: we use words that do not refer to
the real world.
o Idols of the theatre: we may be caught up in old dogmas
- He is induction-maxxing. Aristotle was not it.
- Scientific Revolution (early 17th century)
Rene Descartes
- Obtain information through reason because our senses deceive us.
- Sensory information cannot provide a foundation for knowledge.
- I think, therefore I am.
- All his ideas were achieved through reason, such as that the
physical world exists because God would not deceive us.
, John Locke
- Tabula Rasa.
- All our ideas stem from sensation and reflection (empiricism and
rationalism).
- Objects have primary and secondary properties.
o Primary properties exist outside of our mind.
o Secondary properties are mind-dependent. (perceptual
relativity)
George Berkeley
- Did not accept Locke’s distinction between primary and secondary.
- Idealism: to be is to be perceived.
David Hume
- If we can only know science through
human representation we must
understand the human mind.
- Hume’s Copy Principle:
o Impressions: immediate data or
experience.
o Ideas: copies from impressions.
- Causal interpretation
o Contiguity
o Priority
o Constant conjunction
You cannot see causality, but you conclude it.
- Using causal interpretation, hypothesis can be made.
- Hume’s way of thinking is closely linked to human passions.
- Real knowledge is impossible.
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