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Volledige lesnotities History of International Relations

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Lesson notes in the form of a summary, with the structure of the powerpoint and the photos of the slides for “History of International Relations”, given by Jorg Kustermans in the 2nd bachelor of political science or master international relations and diplomacy School Year English summary wit...

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  • December 30, 2024
  • January 4, 2025
  • 157
  • 2024/2025
  • Class notes
  • Jorg kustermans
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History of international relations
Course outline

• Introduction

• Five sessions on non-European international systems

• China and East Asia // India and Indianization // The Muslim Caliphates // The Mongol
Khanates // Africa

• Two sessions on how Europe came to rule the world

• European expansion // Belgian colonialism

• Three sessions on the European-Global international system

• Global governance in the nineteenth century // The League of Nations and its ‘failure’
// The United Nations and decolonization

We can answer the exam in English or Dutch


Inhoudsopgave

Les 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5

Outline of today’s class .......................................................................................................................5

1. History of International Relations: Why? .........................................................................................5
1.1 Historical legacies, “historische erfenis” ........................................................................................5
1.2 The politics of historical memories, “politiek geheugen” ..................................................................6
1.3 The contingency of moral ideas and social arrangements ................................................................7
1.4 The lessons from history .............................................................................................................8

2. History of International Relations: What? ........................................................................................8
2.1 IR as a scholarly discipline is ‘presentist’ ........................................................................................9
IR as a scholarly discipline is ‘Eurocentric’ ...........................................................................................9
2.2 What is an ‘international system’? What is ‘the logic’ of the international system? ..............................9

3. History of International Relations: How? ....................................................................................... 11

Les 2: China and East Asia.................................................................................................................13

Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 13

1. Introduction: what is China?........................................................................................................ 13

2. The ‘Warring states period’ ......................................................................................................... 15

3. The development of the Chinese state .......................................................................................... 18
3.1 Han dynasty ............................................................................................................................ 18
3.2 Tang dynasty........................................................................................................................... 20



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, 3.3 Song dynasty .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.4 Yuan dynasty .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.5 Ming dynasty .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.6 Qing dynasty ........................................................................................................................... 23

4. The overland system .................................................................................................................. 24

5. The tribute system ..................................................................................................................... 25

6. A Japanese international system → just read ................................................................................. 27
6.1 Tokugawa period ..................................................................................................................... 27

Les 3: India and Indianization ............................................................................................................27

Structure of today’s session ............................................................................................................... 27

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 27

2. Vedic India ............................................................................................................................... 30

3. Classical India ..........................................................................................................................33

3.1 Alexander the Great ................................................................................................................. 33
3.2 The Mauryan empire ................................................................................................................ 33
3.3 The Gupta dynasty ................................................................................................................... 34

4. Indianization............................................................................................................................. 36

5. The Mughal Empire ................................................................................................................... 37

6. India as an international system .................................................................................................. 39

Les 4: The Muslim Caliphates, 22 oktober ............................................................................................41

Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 41

1. Quotes (not in the handbook) ......................................................................................................... 41

2. The Arab expansion ....................................................................................................................... 42

3. The Umayyads and the Abbasids ..................................................................................................... 46

4. The Arabs in Spain......................................................................................................................... 47

5. An international system of caliphates .............................................................................................. 49

6. The Ottoman Empire ..................................................................................................................... 51

Les 29 oktober: The Mongol Khanates ................................................................................................53

Structure of today’s session ............................................................................................................... 53

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 53

2. From Temüjin to Genghis Khan ....................................................................................................... 55

3. A nomadic state............................................................................................................................ 56

4. How to conquer the world .............................................................................................................. 59

5. Dividing it all up ............................................................................................................................ 61



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, 6. An international system of khanates ................................................................................................ 63

Les 5 november: Africa ....................................................................................................................64

Structure of today’s session ............................................................................................................... 64

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 65

2. The Nile River Valley (difficult chapter to explain says prof) .......................................................... 69
2.1 Pharaonic Egypt ...................................................................................................................... 69
2.2 Kingdom of Nubia .................................................................................................................... 70
2.3 Aksumite Kingdom ................................................................................................................... 70

3. North Africa ................................................................................................................................. 71

4. The Kingdoms of West Africa .......................................................................................................... 71
4.1 Empire of Mali ........................................................................................................................ 71
4.2 The Mali empire ...................................................................................................................... 72
4.3 Songhai Empire ....................................................................................................................... 73
4.4 Yoruba people......................................................................................................................... 73
4.5 The Akan people...................................................................................................................... 74

5. East Africa and the Indian Ocean ..................................................................................................... 75

6. An African international system? ..................................................................................................... 76

7. Exam Questions ........................................................................................................................ 77

Les 12 november: European Expansion ...............................................................................................78

Structure of today’s session ............................................................................................................... 78

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 79
1.1 Endogenous (or intra-European) explanations ............................................................................. 80
1.2 Exogenous (or extra-European) explanations ............................................................................... 83

2. A sea route to India ....................................................................................................................... 84

3. Europeans in the “New World” ........................................................................................................ 85
3.1 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494; 2 years after discovery of America) and Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) ........... 86
3.2 Continuity (?) with wars on Iberian Peninsula .............................................................................. 86

4. A commercial world economy ........................................................................................................ 89

5. An industrial world economy........................................................................................................... 92

6. The apotheosis of colonialism ......................................................................................................... 94

Dinsdag 19 november: Belgian Colonialism ..........................................................................................97

Structure ......................................................................................................................................... 98

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 98
1.1 Congo was not a blank space (terra nullius) ................................................................................. 99

2. The Congo Free State (1884-1908)................................................................................................. 100
2.1 What motivated Leopold II to pursue a colony? ......................................................................... 101
2.2 The Congo Free State and … .................................................................................................... 103



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, 2.3 The Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State (1904-1908)....................................................... 105

3. Belgian Congo (1908-1960) .......................................................................................................... 106
3.1 Patrice Lumumba .................................................................................................................. 109
3.2 Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ........................................................................................................... 110

4. Ruanda-Urundi (1916-1962) ......................................................................................................... 111

5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 113

Les 26/11 Global governance in the 19th century ................................................................................ 113

Course outline ................................................................................................................................ 114

Structure today .............................................................................................................................. 114

1. The system of sovereign states ...................................................................................................... 114
1.1 Treaties of Westphalia (1648) .................................................................................................. 115

2. The system of sovereign states in its 17th and 18th century form did not last. Why would it have
disintegrated? ............................................................................................................................... 118

3. The Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Concert of Powers ................................................................ 120

4. The disintegration of the Concert of Powers: why? ........................................................................... 124
4.1 How should one assess the merit and achievements of the concert system? .................................. 124

Dinsdag 3 december: The League of Nations and its failure ................................................................... 125

1. The First World War had a dramatic impact ................................................................................ 128

Structure of today’s class ................................................................................................................. 129

2. The League of Nations: origins ...................................................................................................... 129

3. The League of Nations: organizational form .................................................................................... 133

4. The ‘failure’ of the League of Nations ............................................................................................. 134

Les 10/12: The United Nations and decolonization .............................................................................. 138

Structure of today’s session ............................................................................................................. 138

1. Introduction: the Second World War .......................................................................................... 139

2. The establishment of the United Nations ..................................................................................... 142
After WWII ................................................................................................................................ 142
1941......................................................................................................................................... 143
1943......................................................................................................................................... 144
1944......................................................................................................................................... 144
1944......................................................................................................................................... 145
1945......................................................................................................................................... 146

3. Human Rights in the U.N. charter............................................................................................... 148

4. Decolonization and the Bandung Conference ............................................................................... 150
4.1 Bandung Conference of 1955 .............................................................................................. 152




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