This is an almost complete summary of the handbook for the National Knowledge test English parts: Knowledge of country and society & Knowledge of history and geography.
lkt national knowledge test english teacher english english teacher
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Lerarenopleiding 2e graad Engels
Landelijke kennistoets Engels
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Geschiedenis en geografie
United Kingdom
History
Early Britain
Invasions
Roman invasion – Britain was occupied by Romans from AD 43 to AD 409.
Germanic invasions – After AD430 Invaders came from 3 powerful Germanic
tribes: Saxons, Angles, Jutes.
Viking invasions – The Vikings, which means either “pirates” or people of the
sea inlets, came from Norway and Denmark and invaded Britain towards the end
of the 8th century. At first they only raided but by 865 they came to conquer and
settle.
Tribes
Celts – The Celts arrived around 700 BC. They were tall, had red or fair hair and
blue eyes and most likely came from central Europe or further east from
southern Russia. They knew how to work with iron and make better weapons
than the ones made out of bronze. They continued to arrive in waves for he next
700 years and dominated the lowland areas of Britain.
Angles, Saxons, Jutes – The strength of the Anglo-Saxon culture is obvious even
today: days of the week were named after Germanic gods. Saxon villages were
family villages, some place names:
‐ing -> meaning, folk or family. (Hastings, family of Hasta) ing -> meaning, folk or family. (Hastings, family of Hasta)
‐ing -> meaning, folk or family. (Hastings, family of Hasta) ham -> meaning, farm (Nottingham)
-ton -> meaning settlement (Southampton)
Other
Hadrian’s Wall – The Romans conquered the whole south of Britain, but could
not reach Scotland. At last they built a strong wall along the northern border
named after the Emperor Hadrian, who planned it. At the time Hadrians wall was
simply intended to keep out raiders from the north but it also marked the border
between the two later countries England and Scotland.
Stonehenge – After 3000 BC people started building “henges” circles of earth
banks and ditches in which they built wooden buildings and stone circles. They
were centers of religious, economic and political power. Most famous one is
Stonehenge.
Medieval Period
Norman invasion
In 1066 William the Conqueror became king of England. Fighting between the
Normans and Anglo-Saxons lasted for 20 years, during this period the small
Norman army burnt, destroyed and killed in places they couldn’t control, built
forts to guard others. By 1086 most of England was held by the Normans, only 2
of the greater landlords and only 2 bishops were Saxon. Over 4000 Saxon
landlords were replaced by 200 Norman ones
Battle of Hastings – 1066 – Battle fought between King Harold and William,
Duke of Normandy, also referred to as William the Conqueror. William won and
was crowned William I, started Norman dominance which influenced the English
,language, administrative and judicial systems.
William the conqueror – William marched to London, which quickly gave in
when he began to burn villages outside the city. He was crowned king of England
in Edward’s new church of Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066.
Domesday book – By 1086, William wanted to know exactly who owned which
piece of land, and how much it was worth, as he needed this information to plan
his economy and to know how much tax to ask. A census of England took place, a
survey of people asking each settlement about their worth. This was very
unpopular with the people and they called the Doomsday book which still exists
today and has given us a lot of information about this period.
Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses were a series of English civil wars for control of the throne
of England fought between supporters of two rival branches
House of York – King Richard III (defeated)
House of Lancaster – Henry Tudor, (Henry VII)
Other
Magna Carta – 1215, is most important document: this established the principle
that our rulers, at that time the king, could not do whatever they liked, but were
subject to the law as agreed with the barons they governed.
Feudal system – Basically every man had a lord and every lord had land. At each
level a man had to promise loyalty and service to his lord. The promise was
usually made by the lord sitting in his chair and his vassal kneeling before him,
his hands placed between those of his lord - this homage has remained part of
the coronation ceremony of British kings and queens until now. The lord had
responsibilities too, he had to give his vassals land and protection.
16th Century
Tudors
Henry VIII – King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. He was the
second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father Henry VII. Henry is best known for
his six marriages, in particular his efforts to have his first marriage (to Catherine
of Aragon) annulled.
Elizabeth I – Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her
death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Elizabeth was the
last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. Elizabeth was the daughter of
Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
Reformation
The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th-century England by
which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the
Roman Catholic Church.
Other
Colonization - The British began to establish overseas colonies in the 16th
century. By 1783, Britain had a large empire with colonies in America and the
West Indies. This 'first British Empire' came to an end after the American
Revolution.
17th Century
Stuart monarchs
James I – 1603 - 1625 was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-
,grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, positioning him to
eventually accede to all three thrones.
Civil war
The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political
machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists
("Cavaliers") principally over the manner of England's governance.
The outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I
(1649); the exile of his son, Charles II (1651); and the replacement of English
monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then
the Protectorate under the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653–1658) and
briefly his son Richard (1658–1659).
Charles I
Was the monarch over the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland
from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was born into the
House of Stuart. Executed during civil war.
Republic
Oliver Cromwell - an English military and political leader best known for making
England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England. Cromwell was a
Puritan , who opposed Charles I, in the Long Parliament (so called because of its
eight year duration) that first met in 1640. He thought that Parliamentary
leaders did not do enough to try to defeat Charles I. Cromwell became the leader
of England in 1649 by leading the New Model Army
Restoration
Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660.
The Restoration of the English monarchy took place in 1660 when King Charles
II returned to England after the Interregnum (with periods of Commonwealth
and Protectorate rule), which started after the end of the Second English Civil
War, with the execution of his father, Charles I on 30 January 1649.
William of Orange
Glorious revolution - refers to the November 1688 deposition and subsequent
replacement of James II and VII as ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland by his
daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William III of Orange.
Reformation
The English Reformation was a series of events in 16th-century England by
which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the
Roman Catholic Church.
Puritans - The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries
who sought to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices,
maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and needed
to become more Protestant
Presbyterians - Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within
Protestantism, which traces its origins to Britain, particularly Scotland.
Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church
government, which is governed by representative assemblies of elders.
, 18th Century
Act of Union
1707 – two acts of parliament (eng and scotl) uniting Scotland and England-
Great Britain
Industrial revolution
Watt – In 1769 Watt greatly improved steam engines. In 1871 Watt produced an
engine with a turning motion, made of iron and steel. People were no longer
dependent on natural power.
Steam engine
Loss of United States
1783 – conclusion American Revolution
Discovery of Australia
James Cook
19th Century
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state
established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great
Britain and Ireland.
Battle of Trafalgar
1805 - a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the
combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, the Napoleonic Wars (1803–
1815)
Nelson – Admiral Horatio Nelson. He won many victories over the French navy
and, finally, at Trafalgar he destroyed the French–Spanish fleet.
Battle of Waterloo
General Wellington defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. The battle marked
the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Queen Victoria
Victorian period
Empire
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Africa, Caribbean
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