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Samenvatting Anatomie en fysiologie van het dier
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Deze samenvatting bevat alle zaken van de power point en cursus tem. hoofdstuk 9: urinair stelsel mét veel afbeeldingen, tekeningen en foto's.
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ANATOMIE EN FYSIOLOGIE VAN HET DIERINHOUDSOPGAVE
1. inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 situering .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 terminologie voor het aanduiden van de ligging en richting .............................................................................. 6
2. osteologie.......................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Functies van het skelet ........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 structuur van het bot .......................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 het lang been of pijpbeen ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 de ossificatie of verbening......................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 de schedel ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 bouw en schedeltypes ............................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 de schedelholte, slaapgroeve, jukboog, oogkas ........................................................................................ 14
2.3.3 de neusholte, neusbijholten ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.4 de mondholte ............................................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 De wervelkolom ................................................................................................................................................ 15
2.4.1gemeenschappelijke kenmerken ................................................................................................................ 16
4.4.2 Streekkenmerken ...................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.3 specifieke kenmerken................................................................................................................................ 17
2.5 ribben (costae) – borstbeen (sternum) – borstkas (thorax) .............................................................................. 20
2.5.1 ribben ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
2.5.2 het borstbeen ............................................................................................................................................ 21
2.5.3 de borstkas (thorax) .................................................................................................................................. 21
2.6 het voorste lidmaat ........................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6.1 benamingen ............................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6.2 vergelijking ................................................................................................................................................ 23
2.6.3.1 bespreking van de verschillende beenderen .......................................................................................... 23
2.7 achterste lidmaat .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.7.1 algemene bespreking en vergelijking met het voorbeen .......................................................................... 28
2.7.2 benamingen ............................................................................................................................................... 28
2.7.3 bespreking van de verschillende beenderen ............................................................................................. 29
2.8 osteologie van de vogel .................................................................................................................................... 34
2.8.1 algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 34
2.8.2 de kop ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
2.8.3 de wervelkolom ......................................................................................................................................... 34
2.8.4 de ribben ................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.8.5 het borstbeen ............................................................................................................................................ 36
2.8.6 de vleugel .................................................................................................................................................. 36
2.8.7 de poot ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
2.8.8 afstemming op vliegen .............................................................................................................................. 38
3. arthrologie .......................................................................................................................................................39
3.1 de synoviale gewrichten of diarthrosen ............................................................................................................ 39
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, 3.1.1 structuur .................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.1.2 indeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 40
3.2 de synarthrodiale gewrichten of synarthrosen ................................................................................................. 43
3.2.1 structuur .................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.2 indeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.3 aanvullingen ..................................................................................................................................................... 44
3.3.1 de tussenwervelschijf ................................................................................................................................ 44
3.3.2 de nekband ................................................................................................................................................ 44
3.3.3 bekkenband ............................................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.4 passief sta-apparaat .................................................................................................................................. 46
3.4 slijmbeurzen en peesscheden ............................................................................................................................ 47
3.4.1 slijmbeurs .................................................................................................................................................. 47
3.4.2 peesschede ................................................................................................................................................ 47
4.myologie ...........................................................................................................................................................48
4.1algemene bouw en indeling van het spierweefsel ............................................................................................. 48
4.1.1 Spiertypen ................................................................................................................................................. 48
4.1.2 algemene bouw van een skeletspier ......................................................................................................... 50
4.1.3 krachtoverdracht ....................................................................................................................................... 50
4.1.4 indeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
4.1.5 diepe fascie of fascia profunda.................................................................................................................. 52
4.2 systematische bespreking van de spieren ......................................................................................................... 53
4.2.1 huidspieren ................................................................................................................................................ 53
4.2.2 spieren die het voorbeen met de romp verbinden ................................................................................... 53
4.2.3 de spieren van het voorbeen .................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.4 de spieren die het achterbeen met de romp verbinden ........................................................................... 65
4.2.5 de spieren van het achterbeen.................................................................................................................. 65
4.2.6 spieren van de hals, romp en de staart ..................................................................................................... 71
4.2.7 de spieren van het hoofd .......................................................................................................................... 75
4.3 vleeskwaliteit .................................................................................................................................................... 76
4.4 spierstelsel van vogels....................................................................................................................................... 77
4.5 fysiologie van de spiercontractie ...................................................................................................................... 77
4.5.1 mechanisme van de spiercontractie ......................................................................................................... 77
4.5.2 soorten dwarsgestreepte spiervezels ........................................................................................................ 80
5. Integument ......................................................................................................................................................81
5.1 de huid .............................................................................................................................................................. 81
5.1.1 de opperhuid/epidermis ........................................................................................................................... 81
5.1.2 de lederhiud/dermis .................................................................................................................................. 82
5.1.3 de onderhuid/hypodermis ........................................................................................................................ 82
5.2 haren ................................................................................................................................................................. 82
5.3 de tastballen ..................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.3.1 tastballen bij vleeseters ............................................................................................................................. 84
5.3.2 tastballen bij het paard ............................................................................................................................. 84
5.4 de hoef bij het paard ......................................................................................................................................... 84
5.4.1 bouw .......................................................................................................................................................... 84
5.4.2 uitwendige vorm van de hoef.................................................................................................................... 88
5.5.3 elastische organen van de hoef ................................................................................................................. 89
5.4.4 ophanging van de hoef .............................................................................................................................. 89
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, 5.5 de klauw bij vleeseters ...................................................................................................................................... 90
5.5.1 de onderhuid ............................................................................................................................................. 90
5.5.2 de lederhuid .............................................................................................................................................. 90
5.5.3 de opperhuid ............................................................................................................................................. 90
5.6 de huidklieren ................................................................................................................................................... 91
5.6.1 algemeen ................................................................................................................................................... 91
5.6.2 specifieke huidklieren ................................................................................................................................ 91
5.7 integument bij de vogels ................................................................................................................................... 93
5.7.1 de huid ....................................................................................................................................................... 93
5.7.2 de veren ..................................................................................................................................................... 94
5.7.3 de huidklieren ............................................................................................................................................ 95
Het circulatiestelsel ..............................................................................................................................................95
6.Het bloedvatenstelsel .......................................................................................................................................96
6.1 het hart ............................................................................................................................................................. 96
6.1.1 microscopische bouw ................................................................................................................................ 96
6.1.2 microscopische bouw ................................................................................................................................ 97
6.1.3 ligging ........................................................................................................................................................ 97
6.1.4 contractiliteit ............................................................................................................................................. 97
6.2 bouw van bloedvaten........................................................................................................................................ 99
6.2.1 arteries of slagaders .................................................................................................................................. 99
6.2.2 venen of aders ........................................................................................................................................... 99
6.2.3 capillairen of bloedhaarvaten.................................................................................................................... 99
6.3 grote en kleine bloedcirculatie ........................................................................................................................ 100
6.3.1 de grote bloedcirculatie of lichaamscirculatie ........................................................................................ 100
6.3.2 de kleine circulatie of pulmonale circulatie............................................................................................. 100
6.3.3 harttonen................................................................................................................................................. 101
6.3.4 embryonale circulatie .............................................................................................................................. 101
6.4 het arterieel stelsel ......................................................................................................................................... 103
6.4.1 de longslagader ....................................................................................................................................... 103
6.4.2 de aorta ................................................................................................................................................... 103
6.4.3 truncus brachiocephalicus ....................................................................................................................... 103
6.4.4 arteries van de kop .................................................................................................................................. 103
6.4.5 arteries van het voorbeen ....................................................................................................................... 104
6.4.6 aorta descendens .................................................................................................................................... 104
6.4.7 de arteries van het bekken ...................................................................................................................... 104
6.4.8 de arteries van het achterste lidmaat ..................................................................................................... 105
6.5 het veneus stelsel ............................................................................................................................................ 106
6.5.1 de longaders ............................................................................................................................................ 106
6.5.2 de vena cava cranialis .............................................................................................................................. 106
6.5.3 de vena cava caudalis .............................................................................................................................. 107
6.6 het bloedvatenstelsel bij vogels ...................................................................................................................... 108
7. het lymfoïd stelsel ..........................................................................................................................................109
7.1 algemeen ........................................................................................................................................................ 109
7.2 de lymfevaten ................................................................................................................................................. 110
7.3 de lymfeknopen............................................................................................................................................... 110
7.3.1 enkele lymfocentra .................................................................................................................................. 110
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, 7.3.2 de amandels of tonsillen ......................................................................................................................... 111
7.3.3 de thymus (zwezerik) .............................................................................................................................. 111
7.3.4 de milt...................................................................................................................................................... 111
7.4 het lymfevatenstelsel bij vogels ...................................................................................................................... 112
8. het ademhalingsstelsel ...................................................................................................................................113
8.1 de neusholte.................................................................................................................................................... 113
8.2 de neuskeel of nasopharynx............................................................................................................................ 115
8.3 strottenhoofd of larynx ................................................................................................................................... 115
8.4 de luchtpijp of trachea .................................................................................................................................... 116
8.5 de longen ........................................................................................................................................................ 117
6.6 ademhalingsstelsel bij vogels.......................................................................................................................... 118
9. het urinair stelsel ...........................................................................................................................................120
9.1 nieren .............................................................................................................................................................. 120
9.2 de ureters ........................................................................................................................................................ 122
9.3 de urineblaas .................................................................................................................................................. 123
9.4 de urethra ....................................................................................................................................................... 123
9.5 urinair stelsel bij vogels ................................................................................................................................... 123
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