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Samenvatting Penologie en penitentiair recht
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Samenvatting van 148 pagina's voor het vak Penologie en penitentiair recht aan de VUB
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PENOLOGIE EN PENITENTIAIR RECHTINHOUDSOPGAVE
Inleiding ................................................................................................................. 6
Wat is penologie? .......................................................................................................... 6
Bestraffing als complex gegeven/instituut ...................................................................... 6
Empirisch onderzoek ..................................................................................................... 7
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................... 7
Penologie en penitentiair recht ...................................................................................... 8
Straffen een penologische introductie.................................................................... 9
Juridische indeling ......................................................................................................... 9
Toepassing van straffen ............................................................................................... 10
Straffen in de gemeenschap ......................................................................................... 10
De doodstraf .........................................................................................................13
Begrippen .................................................................................................................... 13
Wereldwijd .................................................................................................................. 13
In Europa ..................................................................................................................... 14
In België....................................................................................................................... 15
De Verenigde Staten van Amerika ................................................................................. 18
Visies op de doodstraf.................................................................................................. 19
Internering, TBS en beveiligingsperiode.................................................................21
Internering ................................................................................................................... 21
Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................................... 21
Internationale kritiek op België nam toe ........................................................................................... 23
Wet 5 mei 2014 betreffende de internering ....................................................................................... 24
De praktijk? ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Geïnterneerde personen zonder verblijfsrecht ................................................................................. 30
Terbeschikkingstelling van de strafuitvoeringsrechtbank (TBS) ..................................... 31
Wet van 26 april 2007 ....................................................................................................................... 31
Cijfers .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Uitvoering......................................................................................................................................... 32
Nieuw strafwetboek ......................................................................................................................... 33
Beveiligingsperiode ..................................................................................................... 33
Doelstellingen van de straf ....................................................................................35
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, Instrumentele doelstellingen ....................................................................................... 35
Retributivisme .................................................................................................................................. 35
Utilitarisme ...................................................................................................................................... 37
Afschrikking in de praktijk ................................................................................................................. 38
Resocialisatie, re-integratie en rehabilitatie ..................................................................................... 39
Herstelbenadering ........................................................................................................................... 42
Hybride modellen ............................................................................................................................. 42
Nieuw strafwetboek ..................................................................................................... 43
Intrinsieke doelstellingen ............................................................................................ 43
Organisationele doelstellingen .................................................................................... 44
Conflicterende doelstellingen binnen organisationele doelstellingen .............................................. 45
Conclusie .................................................................................................................... 47
Maatschappelijke benadering ...............................................................................48
Deel 1: Bestraffing als maatschappelijke praktijk en keuze ........................................... 48
Statistieken ...................................................................................................................................... 48
Deel 2: maatschappelijke aspecten van penaliteit ........................................................ 54
David Garland (1990): Punishment and Modern Society ................................................................... 54
Durkheim’s expressief perspectief ................................................................................................... 54
Marxistisch sociaal-economisch perspectief ................................................................................... 56
Angela Davis: link met rassenstrijd ................................................................................................... 56
Loïc Wacquant: link met rassenstrijd ............................................................................................... 57
Weber rationaliseringsperspectief (1864 – 1920) .............................................................................. 58
Beheersen van risico’s ..................................................................................................................... 58
Foucaults disciplineringsperspectief ............................................................................................... 59
Elias’ civilisatieproces ...................................................................................................................... 60
Conclusie: Bestraffing als Sociaal-Cultureel Instituut .................................................. 61
Het Belgisch penitentiaire beleid ..........................................................................62
Voor 1830..................................................................................................................... 62
Vanaf 1830 – cellulair systeem ..................................................................................... 63
Gevangenissen in Belgie .............................................................................................. 63
Het interbellum ........................................................................................................... 67
Na WOII ....................................................................................................................... 68
Opkomst gemeenschapsregime ...................................................................................................... 68
Start van de Humaniseringsbeweging............................................................................................... 68
Classificatie van gedetineerden (veiligheid als criterium) ................................................................. 68
Resocialiseringsbeweging (Internationaal) ....................................................................................... 69
Jaren '70: Veranderend Penitentiair Landschap ................................................................................ 70
Vanaf 1980 – heden ...................................................................................................... 70
Belangrijke thema’s vanaf de jaren 1980 .......................................................................................... 70
gevangenisoverbevolking ................................................................................................................. 71
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, Belgisch beleid – jaren 80 ................................................................................................................. 72
Vanaf jaren ’90 – Oriëntatienota straf- en gevangenisbeleid ............................................................. 72
Expansionisme ................................................................................................................................. 73
Categorieën gedetineerden .............................................................................................................. 75
Reductionisme ................................................................................................................................. 76
Beleidsopties ................................................................................................................................... 76
Situatie vandaag............................................................................................................................... 78
Wat zeggen de cijfers ................................................................................................... 79
Gevangenissen verspreid over het land – oktober 2024 .................................................................... 79
Evolutie van de gevangenisbevolking ................................................................................................ 79
Hoe komt de gevangenispopulatie tot stand? ................................................................................... 80
Categorieën gedetineerden of ‘wettelijke toestand’ ......................................................................... 81
Gedetineerden met niet-Belgische nationaliteit ............................................................................... 82
Een aantal bijzondere problematieken ......................................................................... 84
Suicide ............................................................................................................................................. 84
Druggebruik ..................................................................................................................................... 85
Gezondheidstoestand van gedetineerden ........................................................................................ 85
Gevangeniscapaciteit ...................................................................................................................... 86
Europese detentiestandaarden en monitoring .......................................................87
De Raad van Europa ..................................................................................................... 87
Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens (EVRM) ............................................... 87
EVRM Art. 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 87
EVRM en EHRM in België .................................................................................................................. 88
Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens ..................................................................................... 89
Internering – EHRM ...................................................................................................... 90
Aerts v. België (1998) ........................................................................................................................ 90
De Donder & De Clippel v. België (2011) ........................................................................................... 92
Opeenstapeling van veroordelingen ................................................................................................. 93
Europees Verdrag ter Preventie van Foltering en Onmenselijke of Vernederende
Behandeling of Bestraffing (1987) ................................................................................. 95
Europees Comité ter Preventie van Foltering (CPT) ........................................................................... 95
CPT en België ................................................................................................................................... 96
Samenspel CPT en EHRM ............................................................................................. 97
Sylla & Nollomont v. België (2017) .................................................................................................... 98
European Prison Rules ................................................................................................. 99
Nelson Mandela Rules (1955, herzien in 2015) ................................................................................. 99
Bangkok Rules (2010) ....................................................................................................................... 99
European Prison Rules (2020) ........................................................................................................ 100
De psychosociale gevolgen van detentie ............................................................. 101
Penal Subjectivits & Penal Objectivists ...................................................................... 101
Deprivatie & importatie .............................................................................................. 101
Goffman (1961) .............................................................................................................................. 101
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, G. Sykes (1958): vijf detentiepijnen ................................................................................................. 102
Deprivaties: aanpassingen ............................................................................................................. 103
Importatietheorie van subculturen ................................................................................................. 103
Leefklimaat ............................................................................................................... 104
Nieuwe ontwikkelingen .............................................................................................. 105
Crewe (2011): nieuwe detentiepijnen ............................................................................................. 105
Crewe & Ivens (2020): Vormen van institutionele grip op personen ................................................. 106
Onderzoeksontwikkelingen ............................................................................................................ 106
Voorbeelden: economische ongelijkheid en detentie-ervaringen ................................................... 107
Belang van intersectionaliteit in studies naar detentieervaringen ................................................... 108
Verschillende gevangenissen ..................................................................................... 108
Open Inrichtingen........................................................................................................................... 108
Overbevolking & delen van cellen ................................................................................................... 109
Wetenschappelijke inzichten – praktijk ...................................................................... 109
Basiswet ............................................................................................................. 110
Ontstaanscontext ...................................................................................................... 110
Wettelijk kader .......................................................................................................... 110
Basisbeginselen ........................................................................................................ 112
Juridische principes ....................................................................................................................... 112
Penologische principes .................................................................................................................. 112
Geest van de wet – letter van de wet ........................................................................... 113
Inwerkingtreding ........................................................................................................ 114
Indeling en bestemming ............................................................................................. 115
Toezicht (art. 20–31) ................................................................................................... 115
Detentieplanning (art. 35-40) ...................................................................................... 117
Materiële levensvoorwaarden (art. 41-47) ................................................................... 118
Samenlevingsvoorwaarden (art. 48-52) ....................................................................... 118
Contact met de Buitenwereld ..................................................................................... 119
Arbeid (Art. 81-86) ...................................................................................................... 121
Gezondheidszorg ....................................................................................................... 122
Sociale Hulp- en Dienstverlening & Juridische Bijstand (Art. 102-104).......................... 122
Orde, Veiligheid en gebruik van Dwang ....................................................................... 122
Controlemaatregelen: Fouillering ................................................................................................... 123
Veiligheidsmaatregelen .................................................................................................................. 123
Maatregelen van Rechtstreekse Dwang (Art. 119-121) .................................................................... 124
Tuchtmaatregelen .......................................................................................................................... 125
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