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samenvatting - platentektoniek (inleiding tot de petrologie)
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Deze samenvatting omvat alle informatie omtrent de platentektoniek, gezien in het vak 'inleiding tot de petrologie
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Bouw van de aarde & platentektoniekInhoud
Inhoud ........................................................................................................................... 1
Terminologie .................................................................................................................. 3
Geofysische prospectietechnieken.................................................................................. 4
Seismische golven ...................................................................................................... 4
Breukvlakken .............................................................................................................. 5
Bouw van de aarde ......................................................................................................... 5
Discontinuïteiten van de 1e orde ................................................................................... 5
Moho ...................................................................................................................... 6
CMB ....................................................................................................................... 6
Oceanische vs Continentale korst ................................................................................ 6
Oceanische korsten ................................................................................................. 7
Continenale korst .................................................................................................... 7
(Mineralogische) samenstellingen ................................................................................... 8
De mantel (82 V%, 68 m%)........................................................................................... 8
Discontinuïteiten van de 2e orde .............................................................................. 8
D” laag.................................................................................................................... 8
Kern (16 V%, 32 m%) ................................................................................................... 9
Asthenosfeer: ......................................................................................................... 9
Warmtetransport ............................................................................................................ 9
Warmtebronnen ......................................................................................................... 9
Warmtetransport: ....................................................................................................... 9
Plaatranden .............................................................................................................. 10
Continentranden ...................................................................................................... 10
Drijvende krachten ....................................................................................................... 11
Divergerende (constructieve) plaatranden .................................................................. 11
Breuken ................................................................................................................ 12
Continental drift .................................................................................................... 12
Diepte – ouderdom vd oceaanbodem...................................................................... 13
1
,Convergerende (destructieve) plaatranden ................................................................. 13
Subductievulkanisme ............................................................................................ 14
Belangrijke subductiezones (op kaart kunnen aanduiden) ........................................ 14
Aardbevingen ........................................................................................................ 15
Obductie .............................................................................................................. 15
Marginale bekkens = randbekkens = back – arc basin ............................................... 15
Transorme (conservatieve) plaatranden ...................................................................... 17
6 typs conservatieve plaatranden ........................................................................... 18
Divergentie in de continentale lithosfeer ................................................................. 19
Tripple junction ..................................................................................................... 20
Afro-Arabische riftzone .......................................................................................... 21
Wilson Cyclus ....................................................................................................... 22
2
, Terminologie
• Kola superdeed borehole: diepste boring ooit, in het baltische schildkraton
• Kraton: hele oude gesteenten (Archeaan) die dagzomen, oude continentale harten
• Seismische golven: geluidsgolven, bewegen zicht voort in de materie zelf
o P golven: primaire, snellere golven, bewegen zich longitudinaal voort. Worden
gedempt in vloeistoffen, = pressure waves
o S golven: secundaire, tragere golven, bewegen zich transversaal voort.
Worden uitgedooft in vloeistoffen, = shear waves
• Hypocentrum: focuspunt van de aardbeving
• Binnenkern: vast gesmolten ijzer-nikkel legering
• Buitenkern: vloeibaar
• Mantel: vaste toestand, ultramafische silicaatsamenstelling (SiO2 < 45%): Mg, Fe
o Olivijn, pyroxenen, … (nesosilicaten)
• Aardkorst: zeer dun laagje met een algemene granitische samenstelling
o Oceanische korst (dun, ± 7 km): mafische, basaltische samenstelling
o continentale korst (± 35 km): felsische samenstelling
• Sheeted dikes: planaire structuren, gangesteenten, subvulkanisch. Doliritische
samenstelling (1 – 1,5 km)
• CD: conraddiscontinuïteit: kleine verandring in seismische snelheid, halverwege
CC, scheidingslijn voor metamorfose
• Waddsleyiet = -olivijn – Ringwoodiet = -olivijn
• Transforme breuken vs fracture zones
• Magnetische ompoling : Basalt uitkristallisatie: magnetietkristallen ordenen zich
volgens het huidige aardmagnetisch veld (momentopname)
• Subductievulkanisme: Devolatilisatie (OH verdwijnt door hoge P en T) +
rekristallisatie Water wordt geïnjecteerd in de asthenosfeer (hydratatie) ➔ extreme
smeltpuntsverlaging voor asthenosferische gesteenten ➔ partiele opsmelting
(dehydratiesmelten van de mantel)
o Vorming eilanden bogen & continentale vulkaanbogen (Andes-type
gebergte)
• Marginale bekkens = randbekkens = back – arc basin
o Kleinere oceanisch bekken tussen 2 eilandbogen/eilandboog en continent
o kortlevende oceaan net achter subductiezone
• Wadati-Benioff zone: zone waarin een subductiezone waarin
aardbevinghypocentrazones voorkomen
• hogere druk metamorfisme: druk hoog genoeg: proces begin op diepte 100-110 km
• obductie: gedwongen subductie (meestal OC op CC)
• ofiolietcomplexen: Fossiele oceanische korst
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