Summary GEOGRAPHY AQA PAPER 1 FULL NOTES - GRADE 9 - CSand RS
4 views 0 purchase
Course
Geography
Institution
GCSE
Book
New Grade 9-1 GCSE Geography AQA Revision Guide
For: GCSE AQA GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1. These notes are guaranteed giving grade 9 just print them out & read through the full thing constantly. This explain all the concepts teachers don't bother. This masterpiece affirms grade 9 as this was made closely following the AQA specification (which is in bold)....
PAPER 1 SECTION A: THE CHALLENGE OF NATURAL HAZARDS c) MAGNITUDE: more sever natural hazards have greater effects
NATURAL HAZARDS + TECTONIC HAZARDS 3) POPULATION DENSITY: The more people there are in an area, the
Definition of a natural hazard. greater the probability they will be affected, increasing hazard risk.
NATURAL HAZARDS: A natural event that threatens people or can 4) CLIMATE CHANGE: Increasing temperatures mean tropical storms
cause damage to property, destruction and death. will happen more often and be more intense. Some places will become
- Natural events that do NOT threaten people are not hazards wetter (floods) and others will be dryer (droughts).
Types of natural hazard. Plate tectonics theory.
There are 4 main types of natural hazards: This is the theory that the earth’s crust is divided into different tectonic
1) GEOLOGICAL: Caused by tectonic movement in the earth’s crust. plates.
EG: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, avalanches The earth is divided into 3 parts:
2) METEOROLOGICAL: Caused by the weather & climate 1) CORE: The centre of the earth and is the hottest part. It has 2 layers,
EG: tropical storms, extreme weather (heatwaves/cold spells), climate the inner layer of SOLID iron & nickel and the outer layer of LIQUID iron
change & nickel.
3) HYDROLOGICAL: Caused by river, sea or ocean. EG: tsunamis 2) MANTLE: Around the core, this is semi-molten rock that moves
4) BIOLOGICAL: Hazards posed by living things. EG: disease/pests slowly
Factors affecting hazard risk. 3) CRUST: The OUTER layer of earth and is divided into slabs called
tectonic plates. The plates are made up 2 types of crust:
HAZARD RISK: the probability (chance) that a natural hazard occurs.
There are 4 main factors that affect the hazard risk: a) CONTINENTIAL CRUST: Thicker (30-50km) & less dense
1) CAPACITY TO COPE: Natural hazards have to affect people to be a b) OCEANIC CRUST: Thinner (5-10km) & more dense
hazard. The more people can cope with an extreme event, the lower the - The plates move because of the convection currents in the mantle
threat. EG: HIC’s can cope better with flooding as they can afford flood underneath
defences and repair the damage afterwards - The places where plates meet are called plate margins/boundaries
2) NATURE OF THE NATURAL HAZARD: Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and their
a) TYPE: some natural hazards have a greater risk than others. EG: relationship to plate margins.
Tropical storms can be detected and monitored giving time for people VOLCANOES: These occur in 2 types of plate boundaries:
to evacuate but earthquakes happen very suddenly 1) DESTRUCTIVE (OCEANIC & CONTINENENTIAL CRUST): As the
b) FREQUENCY: some natural hazards occur more often, increasing Oceanic plate subducts, it is destroyed. This causes pressure to
the risk. But this might mean the people are then well-adapted to it. increase as more magma is formed which causes cracks/vents to
EG: building houses on stilts due to flooding being common form. Magma then erupts out onto the surface.
,2) CONSTRUCTIVE: Magma rises into the gap created, forming 2) CONSTRUCTIVE: Where 2 plates are MOVING AWAY from each
volcanoes other. Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap & cools creating new
EARTHQUAKE: These occur across ALL plate boundaries: crust
1) DESTRUCTIVE/CONSERVATIVE: Tension builds up as one plate gets 3) CONSERVATIVE: Where 2 plates are MOVING SIDEWAYS PAST each
stuck as it moves over/past the other. The plates eventually jerk past other in DIFFERENT directions OR in the SAME direction at DIFFERENT
each other, releasing huge energy (an earthquake). speeds.
2) CONSTRUCTIVE: Tension builds across cracks in the plates as they Primary and secondary effects of a tectonic hazard.
move apart Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard.
2 BELTS of volcanoes/earthquake activity: 1) PACIFIC RING OF FIRE: In EARTHQUAKES/VOLCANOES
a horseshoe-shape, this belt is located around the edges of the Pacific PRIMARY EFFECTS: 1) Buildings/bridges collapse, homes destroyed
Ocean stretching from New Zealand to South America. It has high 2) People injured/killed/trapped by collapsed buildings & debris
volcanic/earthquake activity, most of which are underwater. 3) Roads, railways damaged
2) MID-ATLANITC RIDGE: A GAINT constructive boundary stretching 4) electricity/gas/water pipes damaged cutting off supplies
10,000 miles under the Atlantic Ocean. New magma is constantly 5) V) Crops are damaged and water is contaminated
rising forming new crust. This also causes many 6) V) People, plants and animals suffocated by volcanic ash
volcanoes/Earthquakes to be active here. SECONDARY EFFECTS: 1) Earthquakes trigger can trigger landslides &
Physical processes taking place at different types of plate margin tsunamis destroying more buildings and causing more injuries/death
(constructive, destructive and conservative) that lead to 2) People left homeless and could die of cold
earthquakes and volcanic activity.
3) Due to blocked/destroyed roads, aid can’t come in
There are 3 types of plate margins:
4) repairs can be expensive, weakening a country’s economy
1) DESTRUCTIVE: Where 2 plates are moving TOWARDS each other.
5) Businesses damaged, causing unemployment
There are 2 types of this:
6) Ash makes fields more fertile
a) Where OCEANIC crusts meet a CONTINENTIAL crust, the plates
IMMEDIATE REPONSES: 1) Evacuate people if hazard was predicted
collide and the heavier, denser oceanic crust is forced down into the
2) Rescue people trapped & treat injured
mantle (subduction) and is destroyed. This often creates volcanoes &
3) Set up temporary shelters for displaced people
deep ocean trenches.
4) provide temporary water, food, electricity, gas
b) Where 2 CONTINENTIAL crusts meet, the plates collide upwards &
LONG-TERM REPONSES: 1) Rehouse people
the ground is forced upwards making mountain ranges
2) repair buildings & transport links (roads, rail)
3) reconnect broken electricity, water, gas
,4) set up initiatives to boost economy (eg tourism) Reasons why people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic
5) Improve building regulations so they are more resistant hazard.
Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a People still choose to live in areas at risk from tectonic hazard for many
tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of reasons:
wealth. CASE STUDY 1) They have a job there, finding a new job may be difficult
CHILE (HIC) - 8.8 Richter NEPAL (LIC) - 7.9 Richter 2) They are confident that the government will support them in case of
PRIMARY EFFECTS a natural hazard – eg rebuild their homes
+ 500 killed, 12,000 injured + 9,000 died, 20,000 injured 3) Soil around volcanoes is fertile as it is full of minerals from volcanic
+ 220,000 homes, 4500 schools + 3 million homeless ash
& 56 hospitals destroyed + 2 million without food, water
4) They can’t afford to move
+ Loss of water & power & shelter
+ $30 billion damage +$5 billion damage 5) They don’t know about the risk or think it won’t happen
+ airport & port badly damaged 6) Geothermal energy produced, cheaper electricity
SECONDARY EFFECTS 7) Tourist s come to see volcanoes
+ Roads damaged from + further landslides & How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce
landslides -> difficult for aid avalanches delaying aid
the risks from a tectonic hazard.
+ tsunamis cause damage + Everest avalanche killed 19
+ A chemical plant set fire Management strategies reduce number of people killed, injured, made
IMMEDIATE RESPONSES homeless or unemployed. There are 4 types:
+ temporary repairs made to + search & rescue teams 1) MONITORING: a) Seismometers monitor earth’s movement to give
roads to allow aid to come in arrived an early warning of earthquakes.
+ power & water restored to + tents used to provide
b) Volcanoes should be closely monitored for any changes such as gas
90% homes in 10 days temporary shelter
+ national appeal -> $60million escaping, changes in shape (bulges of magma)
to build 30,000 temp. shelters 2) PREDICTION: Areas of plate boundaries should be well-monitored to
LONG-TERM RESPONSES predict when a tectonic hazard occurs. Once one is identified people
+ 1 month later, house + roads repaired & landslides should be evacuated to reduce number of injuries/deaths
reconstruction plan to help cleared 3) PROTECTION: Buildings designed to withstand earthquakes
200,000 homes + homeless rehoused
(reinforced concrete, special foundations absorbing energy).
+ Chile’s strong economy + stricter controls on building
based on copper exports meant codes Embankments to direct lava flow around a volcano.
it could be rebuilt without + Tourism re-opened boosting 4) PLANNING: - Teach people how to react to a hazard and have drills. -
much aid economy stockpile emergency supplies. restrict building on high-risk land
, UNIT 1A – WEATHER HAZARDS b) The sun’s rays are MORE CONCENTRATED at the EQUATOR (as it is
General atmospheric circulation model: pressure belts and surface distributed across less land). This causes the land to heat up which in
winds. turn heats up the air above by CONVECTION.
- Similarly, near the north pole the sun’s rays are LESS
CONCENTRATED. This causes the ground to be cooler, so the air is
also cold
HOW GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION WORKS:
HADLEY CELL
1) At the EQUATOR the air is WARM, which causes it to RISE. This
creates a LOW-PRESSURE BELT. Any moisture in the air will then form
clouds as it rises, causing rainfall. This is why tropical rainfall has HOT
& HUMID (rainy) conditions.
2) As this hot air rises and reaches the atmosphere, it can’t go any
higher, so it splits and either goes north or south. It also COOLS.
3) When this wind reaches 30o north & south of the equator it cools
down (as it is further from the equator). This COLD air then SINKS
creating a HIGH-PRESSURE BELT. This means there will be a cloudless,
clear sky & very low rainfall (desserts are found here).
Global atmospheric circulation is the process of how WIND travels
around the planet 4) When the cool air reaches the ground, it travels as SURFACE WINDS
either back to the equator (Creating the HADLEY CELL) or more north
PRE-REQUISTES:
till 60o latitude
a) WINDS: These are the large-scale movements of air, caused by
POLAR CELL
DIFFERENCES of AIR PRESSURE (like when a balloon with air is untied,
air goes from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration causing 1) At the NORTH POLE (90o latitude), COLD air SINKS creating a HIGH-
wind). The difference of air pressure is created by DIFFERENCE in PRESSURE BELT (clear sky).
TEMPERATURE. 2) This cold air then travels south till it meets the 60o latitude. Here the
- WARM air RISES creating LOW pressure on the ground (less air on the COLD air from the NORTH meets WARMER air. These cannot mix, so
ground) the warm less dense air starts rising. This forms the clouds and creates
rainfall. This air then either moves towards the south completing the
- COOL air FALLS creating HIGH pressure on the ground (more air on
FERREL cell, or go north to complete the POLAR CELL
the ground)
, SURFACE WINDS An understanding of the relationship between tropical storms and
- When air is travelling on the ground in the cells it bends. This is general atmospheric circulation.
because as the air is going straight north/south, the earth is also Tropical storms form near the equator as the sun’s rays are more
rotating anticlockwise. This means the winds seem to bend. concentrated. This causes warm, moist air to rise creating a low-
- For example, from the equator to 30o north/south (Hadley cell), air is pressure system, which is the environment needed for a tropical storm
coming towards the equator. This means by the time it reaches the Causes of tropical storms and the sequence of their formation and
equator, the earth will have rotated a bit and so it will be at an angle development.
from the starting point and so will bend towards the WEST. For a tropical storm to form it needs the following conditions:
- In the FERREL cell, wind is moving northwards and so is bended west. 1) A deep sea (+60m) to gain moisture that powers it
- Winds coming towards the EQUATOR are called TRADE 2) sea temperature needs to be +27oC
WINDS/EASTERLIES (as they are coming from the east) 3) Between 5oC & 30oC N/S of Equator
- Winds coming towards the POLES are called WESTERLIES (as they are SEQUENCE OF TROPICAL STORM FORMATION:
coming from the west) 1) Sun’s rays heat up the ocean. This causes the air above to rise. This
WEATHER IMPACTS WARM, MOIST AIR rises in a SPIRAL upwards.
1) EQUATOR: Sun is overhead so is HOT, air rises so is RAINY. 2) The rising air creates an area of low-pressure. This causes more air
RAINFORESTS form here. to be sucked in and rise making the storm grow
2) 30o NORTH/SOUTH: high pressure, so less rainfall DRYER, CLEAR 3) The rising air then COOLS & CONDENSES to form cumulonimbus
SKIES. DESSERTS form here clouds.
3) 60o NORTH/SOUTH: Warm air creates clouds RAINY, not as warm as 4) When the air condenses huge amounts of energy is released which
further from the equator. FORESTS form here makes the storm more powerful as it heats up more air creating an
4) 90o NORTH/SOUTH: high pressure, so less rainfall DRYER, Very cold even lower pressure below which means more air is sucked in.
conditions. 5) The air that is sucked in, comes curved due to the earth’s rotation.
Global distribution of tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, This causes the storm to rotate.
typhoons). - The storm moves towards the west because of the easterly winds
- HURRICANES: around central America near the equator
- CYCLONES: Indian ocean - The storm curves in its path due to the earth’s rotation
- TYPHOONS: In the Philippines - The storm gains energy as it goes over warm water & loses energy
when it goes on land/cold water as the warm water supply is cut off.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller CSandRS. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.48. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
