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samenvatting sociologie
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SOCIOLOGIESamenvatting SEM1 2023-2024
Cleymans Lotte
, 1
Sociologie
Inhoudsopgave
Sociologie als wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 4
Wat is sociologie? ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Voorlopers – ontstaan ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Na middeleeuwen ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Grondleggers ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
IBN KHALDOUN ............................................................................................................................................... 5
EMILE DURKHEIM ............................................................................................................................................ 5
MAX WEBER .................................................................................................................................................... 5
KARL MARKX .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Noodzaak van dit vak .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Taken van een socioloog ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Oefening !!! (zie onderzoek ontwikkelingssector)........................................................................................... 6
Waardenvrijheid .............................................................................................................................................. 6
Sociale problemen ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Basisprincipes ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Sociaal bewustzijn .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Sociaal bewustzijn ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Theorie van het ‘looking-glass-self’ ..................................................................................................................... 7
Eigen rol in vormen van zelfbeeld ................................................................................................................... 7
Looking-glass-self beïnvloed ons gedrag ......................................................................................................... 7
Symbolisch interactionisme ................................................................................................................................. 8
Symbolisch gedrag............................................................................................................................................... 8
Rol van referentiekaders ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Verwachtingen en voorspellingen ....................................................................................................................... 8
Self-fulfilling prophecy ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Self-defeating prophecy....................................................................................................................................... 9
Stigmatisering en slachtofferdenken ................................................................................................................... 9
Blaming the victim ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Risico van reductie ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Groeperingen................................................................................................................................................ 10
Wie ben ik? ........................................................................................................................................................ 10
, 2
Groeperingen als contextuele factor ................................................................................................................. 10
Gedrag beïnvloed door groepering ............................................................................................................... 10
Oordeel over andere beïnvloed door groepering ......................................................................................... 10
Zelfbeeld beïnvloed door groepering (sociale identiteit) .............................................................................. 10
Wat is groepering? ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Hoe onderscheiden we soorten groeperingen .............................................................................................. 11
Typologie van groeperingen .............................................................................................................................. 11
Merton (1986) ............................................................................................................................................... 11
4 types van groeperingen (EXAMENVRAAG) ................................................................................................. 11
Primaire groep/ face-to-face-groep .............................................................................................................. 12
Secundaire groep........................................................................................................................................... 12
Collectiviteit................................................................................................................................................... 12
Sociale categorie ........................................................................................................................................... 12
De massa ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Wat is de rol van massamedia en hun impact op gedrag, denkbeelden, interactie?.................................... 13
De sociale media ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Wat is de betekenis van sociale groeperingen?................................................................................................. 14
Betekenis voor de samenleving ..................................................................................................................... 14
Het maatschappelijk middenveld ...................................................................................................................... 15
De rollen ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
Oefening groeperingen...................................................................................................................................... 16
Sociale structuur ........................................................................................................................................... 17
Sociale structuur ................................................................................................................................................ 17
De positie binnen een groepering = sociale positie ........................................................................................... 18
Positie-set .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
De sociale rol ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Rollenconflict ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Sociale status ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Macht VERSUS andere dynamieken .................................................................................................................. 19
Sociale differentiatie en ongelijkheid ................................................................................................................ 19
Integratie en diffrentiatie .............................................................................................................................. 19
Vormen van ongelijkheid............................................................................................................................... 20
Kruispunt denken ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Sociale stratificatie ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Systeme – STANDEN ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Systemen – KASTEN....................................................................................................................................... 21
Systeem – KLASSE .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Systeem – RANGEN ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Menselijke structuur ..................................................................................................................................... 23
, 3
Brede invulling: wat in ons hoofd zit + resultaten daarvan ............................................................................... 23
Lichaamstaal .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Cultuur evolueert .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Normatieve cultuur ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Waarden ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
Normen ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Uit 1 waarde = meerdere normen mogelijk .................................................................................................. 24
Cultuur zorgt voor duurzaamheid en gelijkvormigheid ..................................................................................... 24
Cultuursensitief werken ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Socialisatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Belang van socialisatie................................................................................................................................... 25
DOWNSIDE – internaliseren van onderdrukking ........................................................................................... 26
Conform VS afwijkend gedrag ....................................................................................................................... 27
Conformiteit ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
SOLOMON ASCH ............................................................................................................................................ 27
oorzaken van conformeren ........................................................................................................................... 27
Beperkende factoren voor conformisme ...................................................................................................... 28
1 persoon als drager van maatschappelijke waarden ................................................................................... 28
waarom conformeren wij? ............................................................................................................................ 28
Nadeel? ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Deviant gedrag .................................................................................................................................................. 28
Deviant is relatief .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Reacties op deviant gedrag ........................................................................................................................... 29
Criminologische stromingen.......................................................................................................................... 30
Verklaringen voor criminologisch gedrag .......................................................................................................... 30
Biologische & psychologische theoriën.............................................................................................................. 30
Cesare Lombroso als pionier ......................................................................................................................... 30
Hedendaagse biologische deviantietheoriën ................................................................................................ 30
Behandeling afwijkend gedrag ...................................................................................................................... 31
Sociologische verklaringen ................................................................................................................................ 31
7 sociologische verklarende theorieën .............................................................................................................. 31
Anomietheorie Durkheim = criminaliteit is functioneel ................................................................................ 31
Anomietheorie Merton = wanneer doelen en middelen niet op elkaar zijn afgestemd ............................... 31
Witte boordencriminaliteit............................................................................................................................ 33
Differentiële associatietheorie: crimineel zijn moet je leren ........................................................................ 33
Deliquente subsultuertheorie van Cohen ..................................................................................................... 34
Labelingtheorie van Becker ........................................................................................................................... 34
Sociale controletheorie van Hirschi ............................................................................................................... 35
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