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Volledige samenvatting Human rights
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Engelse samenvatting; met uitleg van alle belangrijke arresten + aanpassing van wat er in de les behandeld is
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HUMAN RIGHTSInhoudsopgave
Concept of human rights.....................................................................5
1. Fundamental rights......................................................................................... 5
Common characteristics................................................................................... 5
Categories of human rights.............................................................................. 9
Are all human rights “fundamental rights”?...................................................11
Holders of fundamental rights........................................................................11
Bearers of duty to respect fundamental rights...............................................12
Are fundamental rights absolute or negative?................................................14
2. Fundamental resposibilities...........................................................................15
Individuals...................................................................................................... 15
States............................................................................................................. 16
Human rights as an international concern..........................................17
1. introduction................................................................................................... 17
2. Antecedents of human rights........................................................................17
Anti-slavery & slave trade............................................................................... 17
Diplomatic protection..................................................................................... 17
Mandates – League of Nations........................................................................17
Fair Labour Standards – ILO............................................................................ 18
Minority Protection.......................................................................................... 18
International Humanitarian Law......................................................................18
3. A multilayered international system of sovereign states..............................18
In general: The principle of non-interference in domestic matters (art 2, §7,
UN charter)..................................................................................................... 18
Action in respose to serious violations of human rights..................................19
4. Universality of human rights.........................................................................21
5. The sources of international human law........................................................22
International treaties...................................................................................... 22
Customary law................................................................................................ 24
Jus cogens....................................................................................................... 24
General principles of law................................................................................ 25
Doctrine, rulings or quasi-jurisdictional bodies...............................................25
Soft law........................................................................................................... 25
United nations Human rights system..................................................25
1. Treaty based mechanism of HR protection...................................................25
, Core international human rights treaties........................................................25
Reform of the treaty body system..................................................................28
3. The human rights council (charter based mechanism for protection of HR). 28
Human rights council: generalities.................................................................29
Procedure, mechanisms and structures..........................................................30
Review of the Human Rights COuncil, both by the COuncil itself and by the UN
General Assembly........................................................................................... 31
Regional systems of the Human Rights protection..............................31
1. Europe........................................................................................................... 31
Council of Europe............................................................................................ 31
EUropean union.............................................................................................. 41
Organisation for Security and cooperation in Europe.....................................44
Obligations imposed on states by the international HR treaties...........44
1. Obligation to secure HR to everyone within the jurisdiction of the state.......44
Principle; territorial jurisdiction.......................................................................45
exception extra-territorial jurisdiction............................................................46
2. Nature of the state’s obligations and international review of state action or
inaction............................................................................................................. 48
Negative and positive obligations...................................................................48
National margin of appreciation.....................................................................54
3. Obligations to redress violations of HR..........................................................56
International HR in domestic legal order............................................57
1. Status of international human rights norms in the domestic legal order......57
Implementairion of an international human rights treaty in the domestic legal
order............................................................................................................... 57
Right to an effective remedy, in case of an alleged violation of findamental
rights and freedoms........................................................................................ 58
2. Effects of the finding of a violation of human rights by an international
control organ..................................................................................................... 59
European COurt of HR..................................................................................... 59
Right to life (art 2 ECHR + 6 CCPR).....................................................65
1. Supreme value in the hierarchy of human rights..........................................65
2. Scope of application: pretection of the “life” of individuals...........................66
3. Scope of protection....................................................................................... 67
Negative obligation: prohibition of arbitrary interference with a person’s life 67
Positive obligation........................................................................................... 70
Prohibition of torture (art 3ECHR + 7 CCPR).......................................77
1. Scope of application...................................................................................... 77
Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.................................77
, Torture............................................................................................................ 77
2. Scope of protection....................................................................................... 78
Negative obligation......................................................................................... 78
Positive obligation........................................................................................... 81
3. Prevention..................................................................................................... 82
European convention for the prevention of torture and inhuman or degrading
treatment or Punishment (1987)....................................................................82
Optional Protocol to UN Convention against Torture (2002)...........................83
Freedom of expression (art 10 ECGR + 19 CCPR).................................83
1. General characteristics..................................................................................83
importance of the freedom of expression for a democratic society................83
Obligations of the state.................................................................................. 84
2. Applications................................................................................................... 86
Negative obligations....................................................................................... 86
Positive obligations......................................................................................... 94
Right to respect of private life, familie life, home and correspondance
(art 8 ECHR + art 17 CCPR)................................................................95
1. Right to private life........................................................................................ 95
Notion of private life....................................................................................... 95
Applications.................................................................................................... 97
THe right of property.......................................................................103
1. Scope of application.................................................................................... 103
Object of art 1 of Prot. No 1: right of property..............................................103
Notion of “possessions”................................................................................ 104
2. Obligation of the State................................................................................ 105
Positive obligation......................................................................................... 111
Right to a fair trail..........................................................................111
1. Scope of application of art 6 ECHR..............................................................111
Civil matters................................................................................................. 112
Criminal matters........................................................................................... 114
2. Right to court.............................................................................................. 116
Principle of the rule of law............................................................................ 116
Right of access to a court............................................................................. 116
Right to a judicial determination of the dispute............................................117
Respect for the final determination by a court.............................................118
3. Structural and procedural guarantees.........................................................118
Tribunal established by law..........................................................................118
Independence and impartiality.....................................................................119
Public hearing and public judgement............................................................120
Fair hearing.................................................................................................. 120
, Reasonable time........................................................................................... 124
Economic, social and cultural rights.................................................125
1. Economic, social and cultural rights as human rights.................................125
2. Difference between civil and political rights, and economic, social and
cultural rights.................................................................................................. 126
3. Obligations of states with respect to economic, social and cultural rights. .127
Generalities.................................................................................................. 127
Typologie of obligations................................................................................ 127
4. applications................................................................................................. 128
Equality and non-discrimination, and protection of vulnerable groups128
1. Equality and non-discrimination..................................................................128
Terminology.................................................................................................. 129
Equality and non-discrimination in the CCPR and the ECHR.........................130
Obligation on the state................................................................................. 130
2. Protection of vulnerable groups..................................................................133
Protection of people charazcterised by so-called race or ethnecity..............133
Eleminiation of discrimination of women......................................................134
CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
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