In depth notes on practical anatomy and histology disciplines derived from lecture notes and textbooks. Covers topics from the musculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the liver and more
,Contents
The Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory System – SEM 2 and 3 notes combined ....................... 2
Cardiovascular OSPE Notes .................................................................................................................. 19
CVS Histology........................................................................................................................................ 19
CVS ANATOMY ...................................................................................................................................... 27
The Anatomy of the MediasJnum........................................................................................................ 43
The Anatomy of Blood vessels .............................................................................................................. 45
FROG PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL ............................................................................................................. 57
Frog Quiz .............................................................................................................................................. 59
CVS ECG PracJcal.................................................................................................................................. 63
ECG QUIZ .............................................................................................................................................. 66
Spirometery Quiz and Notes ................................................................................................................ 70
Histology of LymphaJc system ............................................................................................................. 76
MED MICRO Quizzes............................................................................................................................. 82
1
,The Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory System – SEM 2 and 3
notes combined
The functions of the respiratory system:
• Moving air to and from exchange surfaces of the lung along respiratory
passageways
• Provide extensive surface area for gas exchange between air in the lungs and
blood
• Protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes and
defending against pathogens
• Producing sound for communicate
• Facilitate detection of odours
The anatomical division of the RS
Upper respiratory tract:
• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
Lower respiratory tract:
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli of the lungs
The functional division of the respiratory system
Components:
Conducting portion: filters, warms, moistens and conducts air to the lungs
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles – up to the terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion: gaseous exchange with blood and minimises damage
against foreign particles
• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveoli
2
, The nasal cavity
Region Structure Function
Vestibules -Keratinised stratified -Vibrissae filter particles
squamous epithelium from inspired air and trap
-Course hairs (vibrissae) bugs
-Sebaceous and sweat
glands
Respiratory -Pseudostratified ciliated -Lamina propria contain
columnar epithelium with mucous and serous
mucous producing goblet glands that moisture the
cells air
-Lamina propria
-Cavernous bodies
3
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