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Samenvatting Handboek Internationaal strafrecht - Internationaal en Europees strafrecht (JUR-3EURECO)
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Samenvatting van voorgeschreven literatuur, jurisprudentie en werkgroepaantekeningen
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Samenvatting Internationaal en Europees strafrechtInhoudsopgave
Onderwerp 1: Rechtsmacht............................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Jurisprudentie.................................................................................................................................................6
HR 7 juni 1988 (Kogel in boom – bewijsmateriaal buitenland).......................................................................6
HR 18 september 2001 (Decembermoorden Suriname – universele jurisdictie)...........................................6
HR 21 oktober 2008 (Euratom – afgeleide rechtsmacht)................................................................................6
HR 13 juni 2023 (opzettelijk onttrekken van minderjarigen aan wettelijk gezag – art. 2 Sr)..........................6
1.2 Theorie............................................................................................................................................................7
Relevante wetgeving en verdragen.................................................................................................................7
Definitie............................................................................................................................................................7
Droit pénal international en droit international pénal....................................................................................7
Belang van goede rechtsbedeling....................................................................................................................8
Kompetenz-kompetenz (rechtsmacht)............................................................................................................9
Rechtsmachtconflicten..................................................................................................................................10
Verbod van terugwerkende kracht................................................................................................................10
Territorialiteitsbeginsel (art. 2 Sr).................................................................................................................11
Vlagbeginsel (art. 3 Sr)...................................................................................................................................12
Connexe rechtsmacht....................................................................................................................................12
Beschermingsbeginsel (art. 4 Sr)...................................................................................................................12
Actief nationaliteitsbeginsel (art. 7 Sr)..........................................................................................................12
Passief nationaliteitsbeginsel (art. 5 Sr)........................................................................................................14
Extraterritoriale rechtsmacht (art. 6 Sr jo. Besluit).......................................................................................14
Verdrag inzake terroristische bomaanslagen 1997.......................................................................................15
Nederlandse ambtenaren en militairen (art. 8 Sr)........................................................................................16
Het beginsel van afgeleide rechtsmacht (art. 8b Sr).....................................................................................16
Onderwerp 2: Immuniteiten........................................................................................................................ 18
2.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................18
IGH 14 februari 2002 (Yerodia – immuniteit universele jurisdictie).............................................................18
HR 13 november 2007 (Euratom – functionele immuniteit).........................................................................18
HR 9 september 1975 (Portugese huisknecht van Italiaanse ambassade – functionele immuniteit)..........19
HR 2 maart 1993 (Mexicaanse chauffeur– immuniteit technische en administratief personeel)................19
HR 29 april 2008 (ambtshalve verplichting toetsing dubbele strafbaarheid)...............................................19
Hof 26 september 2014 (diplomatieke immuniteit en administratieve sancties)........................................19
HR 4 april 2017 (Tamil Tijger – internationaal gewapend conflict en IHR)...................................................20
Rb. 17 november 2022 (MH17 t. L.V. Kharchenko).......................................................................................20
2.2 Theorie..........................................................................................................................................................22
Relevante verdragen......................................................................................................................................22
Definitie immuniteiten..................................................................................................................................22
Subjecten en objecten van immuniteiten.....................................................................................................22
Persoonlijke en functionele immuniteit........................................................................................................23
Functionele immuniteit reikwijdte................................................................................................................23
Stappenplan immuniteiten toepassing Verdrag van Wenen inzake diplomatiek verkeer van 1961............24
Afstand van immuniteit.................................................................................................................................24
Combattantenimmuniteit..............................................................................................................................25
Universele rechtsmacht.................................................................................................................................28
Nieuwe Nederlandse regels over immuniteit bij internationale misdrijven.................................................31
Artikel: Yerodia, rechtsmacht, immuniteit en vervolgingsbeleid (Ballin)......................................................33
De vonnissen in MH17-zaak..........................................................................................................................34
Verdrag grensoverschrijdende georganiseerde misdaad 2000.....................................................................34
,Onderwerp 3: Uitlevering............................................................................................................................. 35
3.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................35
HR 4 februari 2003 (eis van dubbele strafbaarheid uitlevering)...................................................................35
HR 27 mei 2003 (pleabargaining en recht op eerlijk proces)........................................................................35
HR 21 maart 2017 (uitlevering en toetsing rechter van art. 6 EVRM)..........................................................35
HR 14 april 2006 (aanvullende toestemming o.g.v. art. 14 EUV)..................................................................35
HR 7 september 2004 (flagrante schending van art. 6 EVRM)......................................................................36
3.2 Theorie..........................................................................................................................................................36
Relevante verdragen......................................................................................................................................36
Uitlevering in het algemeen..........................................................................................................................37
Vier hoeksteenbeginselen.............................................................................................................................39
Voorwaarden uitlevering...............................................................................................................................40
Nadere uitwerking eis van dubbele strafbaarheid........................................................................................41
Overzicht uitleveringsprocedure...................................................................................................................42
Uitleveringsdetentie......................................................................................................................................43
Stappenplan voorlopige aanhouding............................................................................................................44
Bevoegdheid weigeringsgronden..................................................................................................................44
Omkoping.......................................................................................................................................................46
Onderwerp 4: Overlevering.......................................................................................................................... 46
4.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................46
HR 28 november 2006 (weigeringsgrond art. 13 OLW humanitaire redenen).............................................46
HvJ EU 6 september 2016 (Petruhhin – vrij verkeer in Uniestrafrecht en MvJ bevoegdheid overname)....47
HR 23 februari 2018 (overlevering dreigende schending en bevoegdheid MvJ Petruhhin-rechtsregel)......47
4.2 Theorie..........................................................................................................................................................48
Relevante wetgeving.....................................................................................................................................48
Begripsbepaling overlevering........................................................................................................................48
Opbouw van overleveringswet......................................................................................................................48
Algemene kenmerken van de overlevering...................................................................................................49
Het beginsel van wederzijdse erkenning.......................................................................................................49
Stappenplan overleveringsprocedure...........................................................................................................50
Gestelde eisen aan EAB.................................................................................................................................52
Beslistermijn (art. 22 OLW)............................................................................................................................52
Verkorte procedure.......................................................................................................................................53
Feitelijke overlevering...................................................................................................................................53
Revolutionaire uitspraak HvJ over uitvaardigende en uitvoerende rechterlijke autoriteit..........................53
Prejudiciële procedure..................................................................................................................................53
Voorwaarden voor overlevering en weigeringsgronden...............................................................................53
Lijstfeiten en dubbele strafbaarheid.............................................................................................................55
Garanties........................................................................................................................................................57
Onderwerp 5: Mensenrechtenschendingen.................................................................................................. 57
5.1.1 Jurisprudentie in uitleveringsprocedures..................................................................................................57
HR 21 maart 2017 (overzichtsarrest – beoordeling voltooide schending art. 6 EVRM)...............................57
HR 30 oktober 2018 (vervolg overzichtsarrest – beoordeling dreigende flagrante inbreuk art. 6 EVRM)...58
HR 4 september 2018 (vervolg overzichtsarrest – herhaling eerder oordeel).............................................58
EHRM 7 juli 1989 (Soering t. V.K. - geen uitlevering bij schending art. 3 EVRM)..........................................58
EHRM 17 januari 2012 (Othman, Abu Qatada, t. V.K. – gegeven garanties onvoldoende)..........................59
HR 26 juni 2007 (Juanra – vastgestelde foltering leidt tot ontoelaatbare uitlevering).................................59
HR 7 mei 2004 (Kesbir – gemeenschappelijk art. 3, politieke delicten en onschuldbewering)....................59
HR 15 september 2006 (Kesbir vervolg – onrechtmatige daad en toetsing burgerlijke rechter).................60
HR 17 april 2012 (Sabir K. – art. 26 UW en art. 3 EVRM)..............................................................................60
HR 11 juli 2014 (Sabir K. vervolg – bevoegdheidsverdeling MvJ, uitleveringsrechter en burgerlijke rechter)
.......................................................................................................................................................................61
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, 5.1.2 Jurisprudentie in overleveringsprocedures...............................................................................................61
HvJ 5 april 2016 (Aranyosi en Caldararu – weigering EAB door detentieomstandigheden).........................61
HvJ 25 juli 2018 (LM – weigering EAB door onafhankelijke en onpartijdig gerecht)....................................61
5.2.1 Theorie uitlevering....................................................................................................................................62
Mensenrechtenverplichtingen o.g.v. art. 1 EVRM........................................................................................62
Rol van garanties...........................................................................................................................................62
Bevoegdheidsverdeling tussen rechter en Minister van Justitie en Veiligheid.............................................62
Stappenplan bij schending mensenrechten in uitleveringsprocedures........................................................63
Onrechtmatige daad en civiele rechter.........................................................................................................65
Terugkeergarantie.........................................................................................................................................65
Nadere bespreking van overzichtsarrest op 21 maart 2017.........................................................................65
Weigering tenuitvoerlegging buitenlandse beslissing (WOTS).....................................................................65
Mensenrechtenschendingen overdracht tenuitvoerlegging strafvonnissen en rechtshulp.........................66
5.2.2 Theorie overlevering..................................................................................................................................66
Belangrijkste verschillen tussen uitlevering en overlevering........................................................................66
Reëel gevaar van schending van grondrechten.............................................................................................67
Stappenplan bij mogelijke schending van grondrechten in overleveringsprocedures.................................68
Onderwerp 6: Uniestrafrecht....................................................................................................................... 69
6.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................69
HvJ EU 16 juni 2005 (Pupino – conforme interpretatie Unierecht)..............................................................69
6.2 Theorie..........................................................................................................................................................69
Korte historische schets.................................................................................................................................69
De ruimte van vrijheid, veiligheid en recht...................................................................................................69
Wederzijdse erkenning en wederzijds vertrouwen.......................................................................................70
Kenmerken van wederzijdse erkenning........................................................................................................70
Harmonisatie.................................................................................................................................................71
Kaderbesluiten versus richtlijnen en verordeningen....................................................................................71
Verhouding art. 67 lid 3 VWEU en art. 83 VWEU..........................................................................................72
Wetgevingsprocedure...................................................................................................................................73
Noodremprocedure (art. 82 lid 3 VWEU)......................................................................................................73
Implementatie door wetgever en rechter.....................................................................................................73
What’s the EU got to do with it (artikel Ouwerkerk).....................................................................................74
Onderwerp 7: Overdracht en overname van de tenuitvoerlegging van strafvonnissen..................................75
7.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................75
HR 26 juni 1990 (straftoemeting en -motivering in kader van WOTS)..........................................................75
EHRM 26 juni 1992 (Drozd & Janousek t. Frankrijk en Spanje – verantwoordelijk staten tenuitvoerlegging
van buitenlandse strafvonnissen)..................................................................................................................75
HR 10 februari 2012 (omzetting buitenlandse straf geldt nieuwe VI-regeling na 1 juli 2008)......................76
7.2.1 Theorie algemeen......................................................................................................................................76
Relevante verdragen......................................................................................................................................76
Overdracht gevonniste personen..................................................................................................................77
Strafvonnissen beschikbaar voor tenuitvoerlegging.....................................................................................77
Zaak Van Laarhoven.......................................................................................................................................78
7.2.2 Theorie WOTS............................................................................................................................................79
Internationale bronnen.................................................................................................................................79
Overname van tenuitvoerlegging op basis van WOTS..................................................................................79
Gerechtelijke/exequaturprocedure...............................................................................................................80
Voorlopige maatregelen................................................................................................................................80
Aanpassing duur straf WOTS.........................................................................................................................80
Strafrechtelijk Financieel Onderzoek (SFO)...................................................................................................81
Rechtsmiddelen.............................................................................................................................................82
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, Voorwaarden voor overname en weigeringsgronden..................................................................................82
Overdracht van de tenuitvoerlegging op basis van WOTS............................................................................83
Overdracht specifieke sancties......................................................................................................................83
Voorwaarden voor overdracht en weigeringsgronden.................................................................................83
7.2.3 Theorie WETS............................................................................................................................................84
Procedure erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging vrijheidsbenemende sancties op basis van WETS....................84
Voorwaarden en weigeringsgronden vrijheidsbenemende sancties............................................................85
Aanpassing duur straf bij WETS.....................................................................................................................86
Stappenplan omzetting bij voortgezette tenuitvoerlegging..........................................................................86
Erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging voorwaardelijke sancties en taakstraffen op basis van WETS...................87
Erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging geldelijke sancties......................................................................................87
Erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging confiscatiebeslissingen...............................................................................87
Erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging inbeslagneming van voorwerpen...............................................................87
Overdracht vrijheidsbenemede sancties op basis van WETS........................................................................88
Overdracht voorwaardelijke sancties en taakstraffen..................................................................................88
Overdracht geldelijke sancties.......................................................................................................................88
Stappenplan toepassing WOTS/WETS...........................................................................................................88
Onderwerp 8: Verstek.................................................................................................................................. 88
8.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................88
HvJ EU 10 augustus 2017 (Zdziaszek – uitleg ‘proces dat tot de beslissing heeft geleid’ en
strafsamenvoeging).......................................................................................................................................88
HvJ EU 10 augustus 2017 (Tupikas – uitleg ‘proces dat tot de beslissing heeft geleid’ en hoger beroep)...89
HR 20 november 2007 (verstekveroordeling)...............................................................................................89
Vragen over HR 20 november 2007..............................................................................................................89
8.2 Theorie..........................................................................................................................................................91
Relevante internationale regelgeving verstek...............................................................................................91
Definitie verstek.............................................................................................................................................91
Belang verstekvonnissen...............................................................................................................................92
Is cassatieprocedure voldoende om aan de aanwezigheidseis te voldoen?.................................................92
Belangrijkste vragen verstek..........................................................................................................................93
Verstekvonnissen bij uitlevering....................................................................................................................93
Nederlands voorbehoud................................................................................................................................93
Stappenplan over beoordeling uitleveringsverzoek bij verstekvonnis.........................................................93
Verstekvonnissen bij overlevering.................................................................................................................94
Facultatieve weigeringsgrond........................................................................................................................94
Kaderbesluit niet verschenen tijdens proces................................................................................................95
Procedure voor overname verstekvonnissen................................................................................................96
Onderwerp 9: Opsporingshulp en kleine rechtshulp.....................................................................................96
9.1 Jurisprudentie...............................................................................................................................................96
EHRM 27 oktober 2011 (Stojkovic t. Frankrijk en België)..............................................................................96
HR 3 juni 2008 (beslag buitenland goederen)...............................................................................................97
HR 5 oktober 2010 (Onderzoekshandelingen in het buitenland).................................................................97
HR 11 oktober 2011 (klagen inbeslagname o.g.v. art. 552a Sv)....................................................................98
HR 22 mei 2012 (beoordeling beslag i.k.v. internationaal rechtshulpverzoek)............................................98
9.2 Theorie..........................................................................................................................................................98
Relevante internationale regelgeving...........................................................................................................98
Opsporingshulp en kleine rechtshulp............................................................................................................98
Bronnen voor rechtshulp...............................................................................................................................99
Vertrouwensbeginsel...................................................................................................................................100
Begrenzingen/voorwaarden........................................................................................................................100
Wederkerigheid...........................................................................................................................................100
Specialiteitsbeginsel....................................................................................................................................101
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