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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM CHAPTERS 1 & 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM CHAPTERS 1 & 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM CHAPTERS 1 & 2QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Dependent variable - Answer-the outcome that is measured; the variable that may
change when the independent variable is manipulated
Placebo effect - Answer-experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect
on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the
recipient assumes is an active agent
Informed consent - Answer-giving potential participants enough information about a
study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
Neurons (nerve cells) - Answer-building blocks of the nervous system
Dentrite - Answer-fibers that receive massages from other cells
Axon - Answer-passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons or to
muscles or glands
Myelin Sheath - Answer-covers the axons of some neurons and helps speed neural
impulses
Glial Cell - Answer-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect
neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory
Action potential - Answer-a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an
axon
Threshold - Answer-the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
All-or-none response - Answer-a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength
response) or not firing
Synaptic Gap - Answer-the gap in the junction between the axon tip of sending neuron
and the dentrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Neurotransmitters - Answer-chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between
neurons
Reuptake - Answer-neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
Nervous system - Answer-body's speedy communication network, consisting of all the
nerve cells
, Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer-brains and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Answer-sensory and motor neurons connecting the
CNS to the rest of the body
Nerves - Answer-bundled axons forming neural cables connecting CNS with muscles,
glands, sense organs
Sensory (afferent) neurons - Answer-neurons that carry incoming from the sensory
receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Motor (efferent) neurons - Answer-neurons that carry outgoing information from the
brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Somatic nervous system - Answer-the division of the peripheral nervous system that
controls the body's skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system - Answer-the part of the PNS that controls the glands and
the muscles of the internal organs
Sympathetic nervous system - Answer-the division of the autonomic nervous system
that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Parasympathetic nervous system - Answer-the division of the autonomic nervous
system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Endocrine system - Answer-the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of
glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream
Hormones - Answer-chemical messengers manufactures by the endocrine glands,
travels through the blood stream, and affects other tissues
Pituitary gland - Answer-endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence
of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth, and control other endocrine glands
Adrenal glands - Answer-a pair of endocrine glands situated above the kidneys and
secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times
of stress
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answer-an amplified recording of the waves of electrical
activity sweeping across the brain's surface, measured bu electrodes placed on the
scalp
PET (positron emission tomography) scan - Answer-a visual display of brain activity that
detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
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