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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY STUDY GUIDEEXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
ANSWERS
Behaviorist School of Psychology - Answer-attributed largely by Watson, Pavlov and
Skinner
-All behaviours are learned through reward and punishment pairings
Humanistic School of Psychology - Answer--Says humans are unique and good and
possess an inner ability to change: free will and growth are important
-Motivation based on hierarchy of needs
Person-Centered Therapy - Answer-Therapy in which the patient directs therapy and
others support helps the patient become better
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic School of Psychology - Answer--Developed by Freud,
and believed our unconscious mind shapes our thoughts and behaviors
-Believes that childhood is the most important point of development
-Ex: anal retentive or anal repulsive
Cognitive School of Psychology - Answer--We interpret the environment around us
-Behaviors are based on the perception of the world
-Thoughts shape feelings, which shape behaviors
Biological (physiological) School of Psychology - Answer--Investigates how specific
physiological processes explain individual differences
-Describe how internal biological events interact with the environment
Hindsight Bias - Answer-The "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon
Vivid Cases - Answer-People fail to make accurate generalizations because they are
unduly influenced by vivid cases such as Jersey Shore
Critical Thinking - Answer--Does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly
-It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses
conclusions
Empirical Approach - Answer-By testing their predictions with the observational method
of science, psychologists are using an empirical approach
The Scientific Method - Answer-1. Question/Purpose
2. Research
3. Hypothesis
, 4. Prepare
5. Experiment
6. Collect Data
7. Conclude/Analyze
Operational Definition - Answer-A statement of procedures used to define research
variables
-Ex: human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an IQ test measures
-Ex: Depression isn't visible but you can be tested to see how depressed you are
Types of Descriptive Methods to Inform Hypotheses - Answer--Naturalistic Observation
-Case Study
-Surveys
Correlational methods - Answer-Associate different factors to show relationships
between them
Ex: Measuring how long a preschool teacher spends teaching ABC songs and how well
they know their ABCs
Correlation - Answer--The degree to which one variable or set of data is related to
another variable/set of data
-Correlation does not prove causation
-Scatterplots represent correlations between 2 variables
Correlation Coefficient - Answer-Number between -1 and +1 to show the strength and
direction of the relationship
-Correlations help us predict behavior but do not indicate the cause of the relationship
-R
Scatterplots - Answer--X axis: variables that you change (such as times)
-Y axis: something that ou don't really know if it is going to change or not
Third Variable - Answer-A variable that is responsible for the relation between two
variables
-Ex: Increased ice cream consumption and high drowning rates correlate because of
warmer temperatures, but do not cause each other
Illusory Correlations - Answer-There is a perception of a relationship that does not exist
Experimental Research - Answer--Actively manipulating one variable to observe its
effects on another variable (dependent variable)
Independent Variable - Answer-A factor manipulated by the experimenter and is the
focus of the study
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