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ARM B introduction notes
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Lecture notes from the ARM B. Introductory Lecture Written in 2024, primarily in English.
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Advanced Research Methods part B – Lecture 1Companies collect data
- Structured
- Loosely coupled
- Randomly
- Big Data: je moet data analyseren, om zo geloofwaardige informatie te creëren. Data
is nog niet automatisch informatie, je hebt hiervoor theorieën en methoden nodig
A crash course in Research Methodology & Analysis
Er wordt gekeken naar organisatie-fenomenen. Je kijkt wat er al gedaan is, om hiervan te
leren. Zo vorm je een conceptueel model. Het kan lastig zijn om een conceptueel model in
een statistisch model om te zetten. Je verzamelt data en je analyseert de data. Vervolgens
communiceer je de key findings naar de belanghebbenden.
Measurement model = hoe wordt een concept geoperationaliseerd/gemeten
Structural model = de impact van verschillende determinanten op de afhankelijke variabele
Two main techniques
1. Explorative factor analysis (measurement modelling)
a. Reliability Analysis
i. Confirmatory factor analysis
2. Multiple regression (structural modelling)
a. With dummies and interaction effects
i. Logistic regression
A Theory
Is a proposed description, explanation, or model (framework) of the manner of interaction of
a set of phenomena, capable of predicting future occurrences or observations of the same
kind, and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise falsified through empirical
observation.
Je begint altijd met een theorie. Een opkomende theorie is in het begin nog geen theorie. Hij
moet getest worden voordat het echt een theorie te noemen is.
Theories
- In Organisation, HRM, IB & IM research are (usually) not that theoretical (as opposed
to practical)
o De theorieën zijn pragmatisch; soms heb je zelfs wat assumpties of ze gelden
alleen in een bepaalde context. De theorieën zijn niet heel theoretisch
- Are better, the more they prohibit/verbieden (following Popper) want je kan
bijvoorbeeld de boundary-conditions bepalen
- Are not tautological (they explain something)
- Ought to be empirically testable or falsifiable
- Consist of constructs (concepts, phenomena, variables) and hypotheses (on their
interactions or relationships)
1
, - Popper: the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability,
or testability hoe meer het getest is, hoe beter
A hypothesis
Usually consists of two parts:
- A condition
- A consequence
Each of the parts contains a construct:
- The independent variable (condition)
- The dependent variable (consequence)
Examples:
- The higher A, the higher B
- A leads to B
A construct
- Is a conceptual term used to describe a phenomenon of theoretical interest
- Is quantifiable and directly or indirectly observable
o An indirectly observable construct is called ‘’latent’’
Dit is moeilijker te meten. Hoe meer latent het is, hoe meer vragen je
nodig hebt om erachter te komen wat het construct inhoudt
Zoals IQ
Constructs must be defined in terms of
- Object = waar kijk je naar (zoals satisfaction)
- Attribute = de nature (negatief/positef of hoog/laag)
- Rater entity = waar kijk je naar / waar meet je het object (zoals employee)
Researchers in social science research usually want to investigate relationships
between constructs
1. Direct causal relationships
2. (fully or partially) mediated (indirect) causal relationships
3. Spurious relationships
4. Bidirectional (cyclic) causal relationships
5. Unanalyzed relationships
6. Moderated causal relationships (interactions)
Direct causal relationship (1)
- Usually, but not necessarily, a linear effect is meant
- A is called an exogenous variable (hier is geen pijl op gericht); B is called an
endogenous variable (hier is altijd een pijl op gericht)
- Dit betekent een lineair effect. Als A stijgt, B stijgt ook
-
Mediated causal relationship (2)
- A appears statistically to have a direct effect on B. Logically, however, A influences Z,
and Z influences B
- Z is called a mediator (variable)
- Mediation is called partial if the effect between A and B remains significant after
inclusion de impact van Z is dan niet zo overduidelijk
- Er is een direct effect tussen A en B en een indirect effect tussen A en B via Z
- Z en B zijn endogenous, A exogenous
2
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