Summary
Samenvatting onderzoeksvaardigheden Hogent
- Course
- Institution
Samenvatting van het volledige vak onderzoeksvaardigheden dat in het eerste jaar in de richting bedrijfsmanagement aan de HoGent wordt gegeven
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1. Inhoudstafel1. INHOUDSTAFEL ..................................................................................................................... 1
2. KRITISCH DENKEN ................................................................................................................ 4
1) WAAROM IS KRITISCH DENKEN BELANGRIJK? ........................................................................................4
2) WAT VERSTAAN WE ONDER KRITISCH DENKEN? .....................................................................................4
3) BEDREIGINGEN VOOR ONS KRITISCH DENKVERMOGEN ............................................................................4
1. Misleid door ons eigen brein ..................................................................................................4
1. Type 1- en type 2-denken......................................................................................................................4
2. Kunnen we ons brein wel vertrouwen ....................................................................................................6
3. Conformation bias of tunnelvisie ..........................................................................................................7
4. Groepsdruk .........................................................................................................................................7
2. Misleid door anderen ............................................................................................................7
1. Filterbubbel .........................................................................................................................................7
2. Framing ...............................................................................................................................................8
3. Brand journalism en clickbait ...............................................................................................................8
4. Slordige journalistiek ...........................................................................................................................8
5. Complottheorieën en pseudowetenschappen ......................................................................................9
4) HOE KAN JE ZELF KRITISCH LEREN DENKEN? ....................................................................................... 10
1. Kritisch omgaan met bronnen .............................................................................................. 10
1. Verschillende soorten bronnen ..........................................................................................................10
2. Kritische analyse van het beeldmateriaal ...........................................................................................11
3. Feiten en meningen onderscheiden ....................................................................................................11
4. De CRAAP-test ...................................................................................................................................12
5. Kritisch omgaan met AI-assistenten ...................................................................................................14
6. Omgaan met tegenstijdige informatie .................................................................................................14
7. Informatie ordenen ............................................................................................................................14
5) HOE KAN JE WERKEN AAN EEN KRITISCHE HOUDING?............................................................................ 15
1. Overzicht van juiste houdingsaspecten: ............................................................................... 15
3. ONDERZOEKSCOMPETENTIES IN DE PRAKTIJK ......................................................................16
1) WAAROM ZIJN ONDERZOEKSCOMPETENTIES BELANGRIJK? ..................................................................... 16
1. Onderzoekscompetenties in de beroepspraktijk ................................................................... 16
1. Nieuwe uitdagingen in de beroepspraktijk ..........................................................................................16
2. Beroepsproducenten .........................................................................................................................16
2. Onderzoekscompetenties in de bachelorproef ..................................................................... 16
2) EEN KENNISMAKING MET ONDERZOEK .............................................................................................. 17
1. Onderzoeksvormen ............................................................................................................ 17
1. Fundamenteel en toegepast onderzoek ..............................................................................................17
2. Kwantitatief en kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................17
3. Beschrijvend, vergelijkend,… onderzoek .............................................................................................18
2. Voorwaarden voor kwaliteitsvol onderzoek ........................................................................... 18
1. Validiteit ............................................................................................................................................18
2. Generaliseerbaarheid ........................................................................................................................18
3. Herhaalbaarheid ................................................................................................................................18
4. Transparantie .....................................................................................................................................19
5. Objectiviteit .......................................................................................................................................20
Objectiviteit van de onderzoeker zelf.......................................................................................................20
Objectiviteit van de onderzoekssituatie...................................................................................................20
Objectiviteit van de opdrachtgever. .........................................................................................................20
6. Toevallige fouten vermijden ................................................................................................................20
3. Onderzoeksethiek ............................................................................................................... 20
1. Correcte ethische houding .................................................................................................................20
1
, 2. De wet ...............................................................................................................................................21
3) ONDERZOEKSONTWERP ............................................................................................................... 21
1. Onderwerp ......................................................................................................................... 21
2. Probleemstelling ................................................................................................................ 21
1. Wat? ..................................................................................................................................................21
2. Wie? ..................................................................................................................................................21
3. Wanneer? ..........................................................................................................................................21
4. Waarom? ...........................................................................................................................................21
5. Waar? ................................................................................................................................................21
6. Hoe?..................................................................................................................................................21
3. Onderzoeksdoel en beroepsproduct .................................................................................... 22
4. Onderzoeksvraag ................................................................................................................ 22
1. Soorten onderzoeksvragen .................................................................................................................23
2. Hoe maak je een meetbare onderzoeksvraag? ....................................................................................23
5.
Projectplan ........................................................................................................................ 23
6.
Hoe ziet een onderzoeksontwerp eruit ................................................................................. 24
4) GEGEVENS VERZAMELEN .............................................................................................................. 24
1. Onderzoeksmethode(n) bepalen ......................................................................................... 24
2. Literatuuronderzoek ............................................................................................................ 25
1. Zoektermen bepalen ..........................................................................................................................25
2. Soorten bronnen ................................................................................................................................25
Populaire bronnen: .................................................................................................................................25
Vakliteratuur ..........................................................................................................................................25
Wetenschappelijke literatuur ..................................................................................................................25
3. Steekproef ......................................................................................................................... 26
1. Basisbegrippen ..................................................................................................................................26
4. Interview ............................................................................................................................ 29
1. De basis ............................................................................................................................................29
2. Soorten interviews .............................................................................................................................29
5. Enquête ............................................................................................................................. 29
1. De basis ............................................................................................................................................29
2. Soorten enquêtes ..............................................................................................................................29
3. Vragenlijst opmaken ..........................................................................................................................30
4. Omgaan met non-respons .................................................................................................................30
6. Observatie ......................................................................................................................... 31
1. De basis ............................................................................................................................................31
2. Soorten observatie.............................................................................................................................31
3. Een observatie registreren ..................................................................................................................32
7. Experiment ......................................................................................................................... 32
1. De basis ............................................................................................................................................32
2. Soorten experimenten .......................................................................................................................33
3. Experimenteel ontwerp ......................................................................................................................33
8. Focusgroep ........................................................................................................................ 33
1. De basis ............................................................................................................................................33
5) GEGEVENS ANALYSEREN............................................................................................................... 35
1. Kwantitatieve gegevens analyseren ...................................................................................... 35
1. STAP 1: ordenen van data ...................................................................................................................35
2. STAP 2: Statistische analyse van kwantitatieve gegevens ....................................................................35
2. Kwalitatieve gegevens verwerken ......................................................................................... 37
1. Coderen ............................................................................................................................................37
4. BESCHRIJVENDE ANALYSES .................................................................................................38
1) INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................ 38
2) MEETNIVEAUS ........................................................................................................................... 39
3) FREQUENTIEVERDELINGEN............................................................................................................ 40
4) GEGROEPEERDE FREQUENTIEVERDELING .......................................................................................... 41
2
,5) CENTRUMMATEN ........................................................................................................................ 42
1. Modus ............................................................................................................................... 42
2. Mediaan ............................................................................................................................. 42
3. Rekenkundig en gewogen gemiddelde.................................................................................. 43
4. Extra: ................................................................................................................................. 43
5. Keuze van de centrummaten ............................................................................................... 44
1. Scheefheid ........................................................................................................................................44
2. Extreme waarden ...............................................................................................................................44
3. Meetniveaus ......................................................................................................................................45
6) SPREIDINGSMATEN ..................................................................................................................... 45
1. Variatiebreedte ................................................................................................................... 45
2. Kwantielen ......................................................................................................................... 46
3. Kwartielafstand .................................................................................................................. 46
4. Boxplot .............................................................................................................................. 46
5. Variantie ............................................................................................................................ 47
6. Standaardafwijking ............................................................................................................. 47
7. Normale verdeling: ............................................................................................................. 48
3
, 2. Kritisch denken
1) Waarom is kritisch denken
belangrijk?
21ste eeuw is complex en evolueert snel
• Toegenomen globalisering, technologisering,… leiden tot grote verandering in het dagelijks
leven, arbeidsmarkt en in de samenleving.
2) Wat verstaan we onder kritisch
denken?
Kritische vaardigheden zijn bijvoorbeeld:
• Betrouwbare informatie zoeken
• Bronnen interpreteren en analyseren
• Verklaren waarop je standpunt of handeling gebaseerd is
• ….
Een kritische houding betekend onder andere:
• Een open geest hebben
• Nieuwsgierig en onderzoekend zijn
• Jezelf in vraag stellen
• ….
3) Bedreigingen voor ons kritisch
denkvermogen
1. Misleid door ons eigen brein
1. Type 1- en type 2-denken
Ons brein verwerkt informatie op 2 manieren:
• Type 1-denken
o Snel, intuïtief en onbewust
o Zorgt ervoor dat je snel kan handelen en meerdere dingen tegelijk kan doen
o Bv: de straat oversteken
• Type 2-denken
o Langzaam, expliciet, bewust
o Verloopt beredeneerd
o Je past bepaalde regels en strategieën toe
o Kost meer inspanningen
4
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