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WCU Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Practice Questions and Answers
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WCU Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Practice Questions and Answers
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1. Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sidedheart failure?
A) Pulmonary embolism
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D) Aortic stenosis
Answer: B) Myocardial infarction
Rationale: Left-sided heart failure is most commonly caused by
myocardial infarction (MI), which leads to impaired left ventricular
contractility and subsequently decreased cardiac output. This is a
common consequence of ischemic heart disease, leading to pump
failure in the left side of the heart.
2. What is the primary mechanism of hyperkalemia in renal failure?
A) Decreased potassium intake
B) Impaired potassium excretion
C) Increased potassium secretion
D) Increased potassium release from cells
Answer: B) Impaired potassium excretion
Rationale: In renal failure, the kidneys lose their ability to excrete
potassium, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream. This is due
to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which decreases potassium
clearance from the body.
3. Which of the following is a hallmark of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
,A) Hypercalcemia
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Hypernatremia
Answer: B) Hyperglycemia
Rationale: Diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by hyperglycemia,
dehydration, ketonemia, and acidosis. The absence of insulin leads to
lipolysis, producing ketones and causing metabolic acidosis, alongside
high blood glucose levels.
4. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which of the following is
primarily responsible for bronchoconstriction?
A) Increased airway mucus production
B) Inflammation of the bronchial walls
C) Airway smooth muscle contraction
D) Decreased blood flow to the lungs
Answer: C) Airway smooth muscle contraction
Rationale: In asthma, bronchoconstriction occurs due to the contraction
of airway smooth muscles, often triggered by allergens, irritants, or
inflammatory mediators. This leads to reduced airflow and difficulty
breathing.
5. What is the most significant pathophysiological change in
emphysema?
A) Increased airway resistance
B) Destruction of alveolar walls
, C) Increased pulmonary capillary pressure
D) Loss of lung elasticity
Answer: B) Destruction of alveolar walls
Rationale: Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar
walls, leading to the loss of surface area for gas exchange and
decreased lung elasticity. This results in airflow limitation and difficulty
exhaling.
6. Which of the following findings is most characteristic of nephrotic
syndrome?
A) Hematuria and hypertension
B) Proteinuria and edema
C) Hypercalcemia and oliguria
D) Hyperkalemia and acidosis
Answer: B) Proteinuria and edema
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria
(excretion of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day),
hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. The protein loss leads
to reduced oncotic pressure, causing fluid retention and edema.
7. In the context of chronic liver disease, what is the primary cause of
portal hypertension?
A) Hepatic necrosis
B) Increased hepatic venous pressure
C) Hypercoagulability
D) Vascular congestion
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