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Geschiedenis van de Nieuwste Tijd - Samenvatting
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Samenvatting Geschiedenis van de Nieuwste Tijd Hilde Greefs
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GESCHIEDENIS VANDE NIEUWSTE TIJD
Hilde Greefs
Laure Put
Uantwerpen, faculteit letteren en wijsbegeerte, departement geschiedenis
,INHOUD
Introductie tot de geschiedenis van de nieuwste tijd ............................................................................................. 5
1. Transities en transformaties ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Transities in de Nieuwste Tijd ................................................................................................................... 5
2. De tijdsafbakening........................................................................................................................................... 8
3. De moderniseringsthese: (dis)continuïteiten .................................................................................................. 8
4. De ruimte: Westerse samenlevingen .............................................................................................................. 9
5. De aanpak: maatschappijgeschiedenis ........................................................................................................... 9
Inleiding: Europa rond 1750 (oppervlakkig kennen) ............................................................................................... 9
1. Natuurlijke en demografische kenmerken .................................................................................................... 10
2. Het economische leven ................................................................................................................................. 11
3. De politieke ruimte........................................................................................................................................ 13
4. De culturele ruimte ....................................................................................................................................... 14
5. Formatieve toetsing ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Hoofdstuk 1: De politieke ontwikkelingen ............................................................................................................ 17
1. Achtergrond van de revoluties ...................................................................................................................... 17
1.1 Sociale veranderingen ............................................................................................................................. 18
1.2 Vraag naar vrijheid en gelijkheid ............................................................................................................. 18
1.3 Politieke filosofie van de verlichting ....................................................................................................... 18
2. De Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsstrijd (1775-1789) ................................................................................ 20
2.1 Voedingsbodem van de revolutie ........................................................................................................... 20
2.2 Verloop: de strijd om onafhankelijkheid ................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Uitwerking van de constitutie ................................................................................................................. 21
2.4 Beperking en belang ................................................................................................................................ 21
3. De Franse Revolutie: voedingsbodem, verloop en gevolgen ........................................................................ 22
3.1 De wortels ............................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Het verloop.............................................................................................................................................. 24
4. De Häitiaanse Revolutie (1791-1804)............................................................................................................ 28
Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
Formele toetsing ............................................................................................................................................... 29
Hoofdstuk 2: De industriële ‘revolutie’ ................................................................................................................. 29
1. Precondities................................................................................................................................................... 30
1.1 Veranderingen in landbouw: Agrarische Revolutie ................................................................................. 30
1.2 Veranderingen in demografische ontwikkeling: Demografische Revolutie ............................................ 30
1.3 Veranderingen in transport: Transportrevolutie..................................................................................... 31
1.4 Veranderingen in consumptie: Consumptierevolutie ............................................................................. 32
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, 1.5 Veranderingen in productie: Proto-industrialisering .............................................................................. 32
1.6 Kapitaal, arbeid en ondernemerschap .................................................................................................... 33
1.7 Veranderingen in cultuur: wetenschapscultuur en ‘human capital’ ....................................................... 34
2. De Industriële Revolutie in enge betekenis ................................................................................................... 35
2.1 De textielindustrie als innoverende sector ............................................................................................. 35
2.2 Steenkool als het ‘zwarte goud’ .............................................................................................................. 35
2.3 De ijzerindustrie als moederindustrie ..................................................................................................... 36
2.4 Het belang van de vraag naar technologie .............................................................................................. 36
2.5 Innovaties: effecten ................................................................................................................................ 36
3. Industrialisatie in Europa en de wereld: de ‘great divergence’ ..................................................................... 37
3.1 Industrialisering in Europa en de wereld ................................................................................................ 37
3.2 Engeland als koploper ............................................................................................................................. 38
3.3 Industrialisering op het continent ........................................................................................................... 38
3.4 Zuidelijke Nederlanden ........................................................................................................................... 39
4. De Industriële revolutie in brede zin ............................................................................................................. 41
4.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2 Nieuwe arbeids- en leefpatronen ........................................................................................................... 42
4.3 Relatie tussen kapitaal en arbeid ............................................................................................................ 44
Besluit................................................................................................................................................................ 45
Formele toetsing ............................................................................................................................................... 45
Hoofdstuk 3: Ideologieën en culturele veranderingen ......................................................................................... 45
1. De internationale verhoudingen na de Napoleontische oorlogen: stabiliteit en conservatisme ................. 45
2. De verspreiding van nieuwe ideologieën ...................................................................................................... 47
3. Intellectuele en artistieke bewegingen: rede en romantiek ......................................................................... 49
3.1 Culturele ruimte ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Besluit............................................................................................................................................................ 52
4. Revolutionaire golven ................................................................................................................................... 52
4.1 Hervormingen en revoluties voor 1848 .................................................................................................. 52
4.2 Revoluties van 1848 ................................................................................................................................ 54
Besluit................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Formele toetsing ............................................................................................................................................... 55
Hoofstuk 4: Het tijdperk van het nationalisme ..................................................................................................... 56
1. Internationale anarchie en de (her)vorming van staten en imperiale rijken ................................................ 56
1.1 Ineenstorting Weense systeem na 1848 ................................................................................................. 56
1.2 Natievorming........................................................................................................................................... 57
1.3 Hervorming imperiale rijken ................................................................................................................... 59
2. Binnenlandse ontwikkelingen: uitbreiding staatsactiviteiten en natievorming ............................................ 61
3
, 2.1 Uitbreiding staatsactiviteiten .................................................................................................................. 61
2.2 Natievorming........................................................................................................................................... 63
3. De natie en het volk: strijd om gelijk burgerschap ........................................................................................ 64
3.1 Moderne sociale bewegingen ................................................................................................................. 64
3.2 Het voeren van een sociaal beleid .......................................................................................................... 66
3.3 Uitbreiding politieke rechten: kiesrecht.................................................................................................. 67
Besluit................................................................................................................................................................ 68
Formele toetsing ............................................................................................................................................... 68
Hoofdstuk 5: Het Westen en de wereld ................................................................................................................ 69
1. De kapitalistische economieën (1850 – 1914) .............................................................................................. 69
1.1 De tweede industrialiseringsgolf ............................................................................................................. 69
1.2 Transformatie van het kapitalisme ......................................................................................................... 70
1.3 De industriële expansie in de Westerse wereld ...................................................................................... 71
2. Industrialisering in het Westen en de wereldecononomie ........................................................................... 72
3. Migratie (lectuurcollege) ............................................................................................................................... 73
4. imperialisme en de verdeling van de wereld ................................................................................................ 73
4.1 Het nieuwe imperialisme ........................................................................................................................ 73
4.2 Imperialistische golven ............................................................................................................................ 74
4.3 Oorzaken nieuw imperialisme ................................................................................................................. 76
4.4 Oriëntalisme ............................................................................................................................................ 77
4.5 Gevolgen Westers imperialisme ............................................................................................................. 77
Besluit................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Formele toetsing ............................................................................................................................................... 79
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