100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached 4.2 TrustPilot
logo-home
Summary

Sumario Tema 7 - Ácidos y bases

Rating
-
Sold
-
Pages
5
Uploaded on
07-01-2025
Written in
2012/2013

1. Definiciones generales 2. Disolución del agua 3. Cálculo del pH y del pOH 4. Fuerzas de ácidos y bases 5. Constantes de disociación 6. Hidrólisis 7. Valor de las acciones ácido - base

Institution
Course









Whoops! We can’t load your doc right now. Try again or contact support.

Written for

Institution
Study
Course

Document information

Uploaded on
January 7, 2025
Number of pages
5
Written in
2012/2013
Type
Summary

Subjects

Content preview

QUÍMICA TEMA 7




TEMA 7
ÁCIDOS Y BASES

7.1 – DEFINICIONES GENERALES
ARRHENIUS:
Ácido: Toda sustancia que cede iones H+ al disolverse en agua.
HA ⟷ A– + H+ → HNO2 ⟷ NO$
# +H
+


Base: Se dice de la sustancia que cede iones OH– al disolverla en agua.
MOH ⟷ M+ + OH– → NH4OH ⟶ NH)* + OH–

Los ácidos y las bases se pueden neutralizar:
neutralizar
HA + MOH ⟶ MA + H2O (H+ + H2O ⟶ H2O)

BRØN
BRØNSTED
ØNSTED Y LOW
LOWRY:
Ácido: Toda sustancia capaz de ceder protones (A).
Base: Toda sustancia capaz de captar
captar protones (B).
HA ⟷ A– + H+ B + H+ ⟷ HB+
Ácido Base conjugada Base Ácido conjugado


Ácido + Base ⟷ Base conjugada + Ácido conjugado:
conjugado
HNO2 + H2O ⟷ NO– + H3O+
NH3 + H2 ⟷ NH)* + OH–

ANFÓTERO: Sustancia que puede actuar como ácido y como base dependiendo de con quien actúe.

7.2 – DISOLUCIÓN DEL AGUA
ARRHENIUS: H2O ⟷ H+ + OH– ⟶ Kw = [H+] · [OH–] (El agua es líquido que no se tiene en cuenta).

BRØNSTED Y LOWRY:
LOWRY: H2O + H2O ⟷ H3O+ + OH– ⟶ Kw = [H3O+] · [OH–]

Kw → Producto iónico del agua o constante de equilibrio de disociación del agua.
El valor de Kw a 25ºC es de 1 · 10-14
• [H3O+] = [OH–] = 1 · 10-7 M
• [H+] = [OH–] = 1 · 10-7 M

, QUÍMICA TEMA 7



La acidez de una disolución de representa mediante la concentración de hidronio (H3O+).
Disolución neutra: Sucede cuando no se altera el equilibrio de disociación del agua.
[H3O+] = 1 · 10-7 M
Disoluciones ácidas: Contienen más hidronios que los que contiene el agua pura.
[H3O+] > 1 · 10-7 M
Disoluciones básicas: Contienen menos hidronios que el agua pura.
[H3O+] < 1 · 10-7 M


7.3 – CÁLCULO DEL pH Y DEL pOH
pH = – log [H3O+] = – log [H+]
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 1 – log [OH–]

ESCALA DEL PH SEGÚN BRØNSTED Y LOWRY:
LOWRY:
H2O + H2O ⟷ H3O+ + OH– ⟶ Kw = 1 · 10-14

Si [H3O+] = 1 ⟶ [OH–] = 1 · 10-14 ⟶ pH = 0 pOH = 14
Si [H3O+] = 1 · 10-7 ⟶ [OH–] = 1 · 10-7 ⟶ pH = 7 pOH = 7
Si [H3O+] = 1 · 10-14 ⟶ [OH–] = 1 ⟶ pH = 14 pOH = 0

Disoluciones ácidas → 0 < pH < 7
Disoluciones básicas → 7 < pH < 14


7.4 – FUERZAS DE ÁCIDOS Y BASES
ARRH
ARRHENIUS:
Un ácido fuerte es el que está totalmente disociado.
disociado Del mismo modo una base fuerte es la que se
encuentra totalmente disociada.
disociada
Un ácido débil está parcialmente disociado y una base débil está parcialmente disociada.
disociada
Ácidos fuertes: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4.
Bases fuertes: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2.

ÁCIDOS:
Arrh
Arrhenius: HCl ⟶ Cl– + H+
Brønsted y Lowry:
Lowry: HCl + H2O ⟷ Cl– + H3O+

BASES:
Arrh
Arrhenius: NaOH ⟶ Na+ + OH–
Brønsted y Lowry:
Lowry: NaOH ⟷ (NaOH2)+ + OH–
$3.64
Get access to the full document:

100% satisfaction guarantee
Immediately available after payment
Both online and in PDF
No strings attached

Get to know the seller
Seller avatar
mamutchimpanse

Also available in package deal

Get to know the seller

Seller avatar
mamutchimpanse Universidade de Vigo
Follow You need to be logged in order to follow users or courses
Sold
0
Member since
11 months
Number of followers
0
Documents
237
Last sold
-

0.0

0 reviews

5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0

Recently viewed by you

Why students choose Stuvia

Created by fellow students, verified by reviews

Quality you can trust: written by students who passed their tests and reviewed by others who've used these notes.

Didn't get what you expected? Choose another document

No worries! You can instantly pick a different document that better fits what you're looking for.

Pay as you like, start learning right away

No subscription, no commitments. Pay the way you're used to via credit card and download your PDF document instantly.

Student with book image

“Bought, downloaded, and aced it. It really can be that simple.”

Alisha Student

Frequently asked questions