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Sumario Tema 1 - Óptica
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1. Naturaleza y propagación de la luz 2. Sistemas ópticos 3. Instrumentos ópticos 4. El ojo como instrumento óptico
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FÍSICA 2 TEMA 1TEMA 1
ÓPTICA
1.1 – NATURALEZA Y PROPAGACIÓN DE LA LUZ
c: Velocidad de la luz en el vacío ≈ 300.000 km/s
ÍNDICE DE REFRACCIÓN ⟶ n =
v: Velocidad de la luz en el medio
PRINCIPIO DE FERMAT:
Un rayo luminoso sigue la trayectoria entre dos puntos que requiere el tiempo mínimo.
LEYES DE SNELL:
Refracción: Reflexión:
n'
n'
t
NORMAL NORMAL
i i
n n · sen (i) = n’ · sen (t) n i=r
ÁNGULO LÍMITE:
Para n’ > n ⟶ El ángulo “t” existe siempre.
78
Para n > n’ ⟶ Ángulo límite ⟶ i > arc sen 6 7 9 = icrítico
1.2 – SISTEMAS ÓPTICOS
Real: Si está en donde debería estar, en el espacio imagen.
IMAGEN
Virtual: Si no está donde debería, es decir, en el espacio objeto.
DIOPTRIO ESFÉRICO:
78 7 78 D 7 7 · O8 f · s′ S8
8 – = β= =− =
R O O C 78 · O f′ · s S
7·C
n n' Foco objeto (F) ⟶ (s = f, s’ = ∞) ⟶ f = – 78 D 7
78 · C
Foco imagen (F’) ⟶ (s’ = f’, s = ∞) ⟶ f’ =
78 D 7
AUMENTO LATE
LATERAL:
β > 0 ⟶ Directa.
Orientación
β < 0 ⟶ Invertida.
|β| = 1 ⟶ Igual.
Tamaño |β| > 1 ⟶ Mayor.
|β| < 1 ⟶ Menor.
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