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FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
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FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) - o Primary neurodiagnostic tool o A visible recording of the amplified electrical activity generated by the nerve cells of the brain -Electro -electrical -Encephalo -brain -Gram -picture o Ref...

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  • January 9, 2025
  • 63
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • final exam end 201 202 and 203 questions and a

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  • EEG
  • EEG

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FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
PASS

THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) - ✔✔o Primary neurodiagnostic tool


o A visible recording of the amplified electrical activity generated by the nerve cells of the brain


-Electro -electrical


-Encephalo -brain


-Gram -picture


o References to EEG


-Electroencephalograph -the machine that records brain activity


-Electroencephalogram -the record produced by the Electroencephalograph


-Electroencephalography -the recording of brain activity


o Differs from other brain tests


-EEG shows brain physiology


-CT scans and MRI show brain anatomy


Founding Fathers of Neurological Testing - ✔✔o 1875 - Richard Caton records the first electrical activity

of a brain from animals




Author. Emily Charlene, ©2025 All Rights Reserved.

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o 1890 - Adolf Beck identified the localization of senses on the brain with evoked potentials


o 1929 - Hans Berger identifies the 1st recording of the electric field of the human brain


-Berger is known as the 'Father of EEG'


o 1951 - George D. Dawson demonstrated the evoked potential of an ulnar nerve


Evolution of neurological testing - ✔✔o Electroencephalogram (EEG)


-First recorded brain activity in humans in 1924 using a galvanometer designed for electrocardiograms


o Evoked Potentials (EP)


-An expansion of EEG that records the brain's response to external stimuli of the nervous system


o Far Field Potential (FFP)


-An expansion of Evoked Potential that records the deep brain response to external stimuli


o Digitalization of Neurologic Testing


-The introduction of CT scans and MRI to show brain anatomy in the 1970's


-Electroencephalographs move from analog to digital recordings in the 1980s


Diagnostic tests that evolved from the EEG - ✔✔o Evoked Potentials


-Record the brain's electrical response to motor and sensory stimuli


-Created by extracting the Evoked Potential during an ongoing EEG via photographic summation


o Types of Evoked Potentials include:


-Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)


•Records the brain's response to visual stimuli via the Optic Tract


-Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP)



Author. Emily Charlene, ©2025 All Rights Reserved.

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•Records the brain's response to auditory stimuli via the Auditory Tract


-Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)


•Records the brain's response to external stimuli via the Peripheral Nervous System


The evolution of the EEG from analog to digital - ✔✔o Analog EEG


-Recorded on paper using pens and ink


-Required frequent maintenance (i.e. paper, ink, calibration) to obtain a recording


-Required continuous monitoring by an EEG Technician


-EEG Records were at a minimum 120 pages long


o Digital EEG


-Uses computer technology to record and save records


-Records are able to be viewed in different formats


-Allows for continuous recordings without an EEG Technician


-Recordings can be accessed remotely by physicians globally


-Computer data analysis enables additional insights which may have not been previously identified


EEG is a brain function diagnostic test that provides valuable information to other neurological fields -

✔✔o Neurologists


-Helps identify seizures, encephalopathies, tumors, sleep disorders, brain injuries, etc.


oNeurosurgeons


-Used to monitor patients before, after, and during surgeries


o Psychiatrists




Author. Emily Charlene, ©2025 All Rights Reserved.

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-Helps to determine if the cause of a patient's problems are neurological


DIGITAL EEG - ✔✔o Digital EEG is providing the tech & physician with greater flexibility in the

recording & interpretation of the EEG


o The following guidelines are in a format that examines the essential characteristics of digital EEG

systems


Acquisitions - ✔✔•EEG Amplifiers:


-A minimum of 25 electrode inputs (21 on the scalp, ground, reference & 2 extra) are recommended and

ideally, 32 electrode inputs (9 extra electrodes) should be available when recording


Analog to digital conversion: - ✔✔•Horizontal resolution -a sampling rate of 3 times the highest

frequency being recorded as recommended


•Vertical resolution -a resolution of 16 bits or higher is preferred for precision


Disk space: - ✔✔•The data is compressed on acquisition & allows approx. 24 hours of EEG data to be

stored on a 1-gigabyte hard drive


Screen - ✔✔•The minimum recommended size for the display screen is 17" with specifications of 100

pixels per second & a vertical resolution minimum of 2 pixels per millimeter


References - ✔✔•The reference electrode can be any electrode placed on the scalp that is not part of the

10-20 system of electrodes


•Should be plated in a location not susceptible to artifact


Montage - ✔✔•The digital system should have the ability to display a minimum of 25 channels of

reformatted EEG


•The ability to re-montage after recording the EEG is one of the greatest advantages of recording digitally




Author. Emily Charlene, ©2025 All Rights Reserved.

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