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Summary History of International Relations Past-year Exam Questions compilation (Answered)
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This is a compilation of past-year exam questions of HIR and their answers by me.
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1. Explain the role of China through world history.Introduction
China has played a central role in global history, influencing political,
economic, and cultural systems. Its long-standing civilization, imperial
ambitions, and periods of innovation shaped interactions with neighboring
regions and the wider world.
Body of Arguments
China's early contributions include the development of organized governance
under the Zhou and Han dynasties, establishing Confucian values that
prioritized hierarchical order and stability. The Tang Dynasty marked a peak in
cultural exchange, with the Silk Road facilitating trade and diplomacy. For
example, the exchange of goods like silk and tea established China as a global
economic hub.
Later, the Ming Dynasty pursued ambitious naval expeditions under Admiral
Zheng He, symbolizing China's capability to project power globally. However,
the Qing Dynasty transitioned to a more isolationist stance, which weakened its
ability to counter Western powers in the 19th century. This decline culminated
in the Opium Wars and the era of unequal treaties, diminishing China's
influence temporarily.
Despite periods of decline, China's cultural and technological achievements,
such as gunpowder and papermaking, significantly impacted global
development. The reemergence of China as a major power in the 20th century
under Communist leadership reflects its historical resilience and adaptability.
Conclusion
China's historical trajectory demonstrates its adaptability and influence.
Contemporary parallels, such as its Belt and Road Initiative, reflect China's
ambition to regain its central role in global politics. How will this resurgence
reshape the future geopolitical landscape?
, 2. Explain the influence of environmental change on world politics.
Introduction
Environmental changes have profoundly influenced world politics by shaping
economic resources, migration patterns, and conflicts. They often dictate the
rise and fall of empires and challenge states' resilience.
Body of Arguments
Environmental factors, such as droughts, floods, and deforestation, have
repeatedly disrupted civilizations. For example, Holslag highlights how the
collapse of the Mayan civilization in Central America was tied to prolonged
droughts, leading to political fragmentation and warfare. Similarly, the Little Ice
Age in Europe triggered food shortages that spurred revolts and inter-state
competition.
Environmental degradation has also influenced colonial expansion. The
depletion of European resources in the 15th century led to maritime exploration,
setting the stage for colonial dominance in Africa and Asia. Furthermore,
Holslag emphasizes how environmental crises exacerbate existing political
tensions. For instance, resource scarcity in the Middle East contributed to long-
term instability in the region.
In modern times, climate change has become a geopolitical factor, with states
vying for control over arable land and freshwater. The melting Arctic ice caps
are now opening new routes and triggering disputes among major powers like
Russia, the U.S., and China.
Conclusion
Environmental change continues to shape global politics by stressing resources
and intensifying competition. Addressing these challenges collaboratively
remains critical to maintaining global stability.
, 3. Explain how rising powers affect global stability.
Introduction
The emergence of rising powers often leads to periods of both opportunity and
instability in global affairs. These powers challenge the established international
order and provoke realignments in alliances, trade, and conflicts.
Body of Arguments
Rising powers contribute to global change by fostering innovation and new
systems of governance. For example, Holslag highlights the rise of the Mongol
Empire under Genghis Khan as an instance of transformative power. The
Mongols not only disrupted existing empires but also established trade routes
like the Silk Road, connecting Europe and Asia in unprecedented ways.
However, rising powers often provoke tensions and conflicts. Holslag discusses
Germany’s emergence as an industrial and military power in the 19th century,
which destabilized the European balance of power and culminated in World
War I. Similarly, Japan’s rapid modernization during the Meiji Restoration
enabled it to challenge Western powers, leading to conflicts such as the Russo-
Japanese War (1904–1905).
Today, China’s resurgence mirrors these historical patterns. Holslag explains
how China’s economic expansion, technological advancements, and Belt and
Road Initiative are reshaping power dynamics. Yet, this rise has also heightened
tensions with the United States, particularly in the South China Sea.
Conclusion
The rise of new powers inevitably disrupts global stability. History shows that
the ability of existing powers to adapt peacefully determines whether these
disruptions lead to progress or conflict. The current multipolar world echoes
past patterns, with rising powers like India and China redefining stability.
, 4. Describe at least four factors explaining the rise and the fall of the
Ottooman Empire.
Introduction
The Ottoman Empire, spanning over six centuries, rose to prominence through
military prowess and strategic geography. Its decline, however, stemmed from
internal inefficiencies and external competition.
Body of Arguments
1. Strategic Geography: Holslag emphasizes the Ottoman Empire’s
location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its control over
trade routes, including the Bosporus Strait, allowed it to dominate
commerce and exert influence over rival powers. The conquest of
Constantinople in 1453 solidified its geopolitical strength.
2. Military Innovation: The Ottomans excelled in military strategy,
particularly through the use of advanced artillery and disciplined armies.
For example, their siege tactics during the conquest of Constantinople
showcased their technological edge. Holslag highlights how this military
strength expanded their empire across three continents.
3. Administrative Challenges: Over time, the empire struggled to manage
its vast territories. Local rulers gained excessive power, weakening
central control. Holslag notes how corruption and reliance on non-
Ottoman mercenaries eroded the state’s cohesion.
4. External Competition: European powers like Austria-Hungary and
Russia gradually outpaced the Ottomans in military and economic
strength. The Industrial Revolution further widened this gap, as the
Ottomans failed to modernize their economy and military effectively.
Conclusion
The Ottoman Empire rose through its strategic advantages and military
innovation but succumbed to internal inefficiencies and external competition. Its
legacy, however, continues to shape geopolitics in the Middle East and
Southeast Europe.
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