advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam.pdf file:///C:/Users/HP/Desktop/New%20folder/advanced%20pathophys
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
1. Fat Soluble Hormones: Steroids
2. Water Soluble Hormones: Need 2nd Messenger to transport across phospho-
lipid membranes
3. Pituitary Hormones: TSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone
4. Anterior Pituitary: Acct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions,
pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major componentof
Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
5. Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis): Arises from 3rd ventricle of brain, con-
sists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of
axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
6. Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median emi-
nence.: Includes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters suchas
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
7. Pituitary stalk: contains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and
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paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
8. Hormones of posterior pituitary: ADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
9. ADH (antidiuretic Hormone): Major homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is
control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
10. Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones)-
: HORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), cor-
ticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
11. Somatostatin: Inhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
12. Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone: Stimulates release of FSH and LH
13. Dopamine: Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
14. Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF): Stimulate secretion of prolactin
15. Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function: ACTH,
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin,
LH, TSH, FSH, glycoprotein hormones
16. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): SECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corti-
cotropic
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TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
17. Prolactin,: Milk production
18. TSH: Increased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
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19. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Ovulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa
cells)
20. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Follicle maturation, estrogen production
(In Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
21. B-Lipotropin: Fat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from
Adipose Cells)
22. B-Endorphins: Analgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake (Cor-
ticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
23. ADH functions: Homeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2
(V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to
increased water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated
urine, these may be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
24. Osmoreceptors:
25. High levels of ADH: Acts on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
26. ADH secretion is controlled by:: osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimu-
lated by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then
reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water
reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
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