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Chapter 20: Plant Anatomy and Growth

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Essentials of Biology McGraw Hill GO: this section covers Chapter 20 of the interactive book with in-depth notes of the chapter as well as the questions provided along with the reading

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  • January 9, 2025
  • 2
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
  • Lucas kirby
  • Plant anatomy and growth
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karlalopezvivar
Chapter 20: Plant Anatomy and Growth
Wednesday, November 6, 2024 8:25 PM

Questions Notes Notes Notes
1. Which of the following influences the opening and closing of stomata? Color code 20.1 Plant Cells and Tissues 20.2 Plant Organs 20.3 Organization of Leaves, Stems, and Roots
a. Atmospheric pressure Yellow - overall point provided by • Animal structure - cell, tissue, and organs • Flowering plant - shoot & root system • Leaves - chief organs of photosynthesis, require supply of solar ene
b. Turgor pressure chapter review ○ Cell - basic unit of life ○ Shoot system - aboveground portion of plant consists of stem, carbon dioxide, and water
c. Pressure-flow in phloem Lavender - specific things in section of ○ Tissue - specialized cells that perform a particular function leaves, flowers, and fruit ○ Textbook definition - lateral appendage of a stem, high varia
d. Surface tension in xylem review ○ Organ - structure made up of multiple tissues  Stem - supports leaves, transports materials btw root & structure, often containing cells that carry out photosynthes
2. Select the substances that move in and out of the root of a plant due to the Underlined - things need to be • Plant embryo - 1st cells, meristem cells leaves, and produces new tissue ○ Type - broad & thin, maximize surface area to collect sunligh
pressure-flow model highlighted but already highlighted or ○ Meristem cells - organize into meristem tissue □ Lateral bud - branches grow from, located where absorb carbon dioxide
a. Water colored font  Meristem tissue - undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active leaf joins stem ○ Water consumption - root system by vascular tissue
b. Sugar Red - edited while taking notes or added growth regions of plants □ Node - location where leaves or buds for branches ○ Deciduous plants - lose leaves, yearly dry szn or onset of win
c. Fats because of chapter review □ Present at very top & bottom of plant are attached to stem ○ Evergreens - retain leaves for entire year
d. Nucleic acids  Apical meristems - Location of tissue, growing ends □ Internode - region between nodes ○ Blade - Wide portion
3. The portion of the plant that supports the leaves, transports materials, and □ Three types of specialized tissues of the plant body: □ Terminal bud (end of stem)- contains apical  Undivided (simple) - in most or often found
produces new tissue is the ___________  Epidermal tissue - forms the outer protective covering of meristem and produces new leaves and other tissues  Divided (compound) - some
a. Stem plant (a.k.a epidermis) during primary growth ○ Petiole - stalk attaches blade to stem
b. Node ◊ Composed of only epidermal cells & can be modified □ Vascular tissue - transports water & minerals from ○ Placement of lateral bud - tell your looking at several individ
c. Terminal bud to form stomata, root hairs, and trichomes roots thru stem to leaves and transports products of or one compound leaf
d. Petiole  Ground tissue - fills interior of plant and helps carry out photosynthesis, usually opposite direction ○ Eudicot leaf structure:
4. Transpiration produces puling force that pulls the water column upward within the the functions of a particular organ ○ Root system - consists of roots  Waxy cuticle - prevent water loss
xylem. This pulling force is called _______  Vascular tissue - transports water and nutrients in a plant  Apical meristem - produces primary growth downward  Epidermal layer - found above & below
a. Adhesion and provides support, consists of xylem and phloem □ Primary growth - terminal bud and root tip □ Lower epidermis - contains stomata, gas exchan
b. Tension  Vascular cambium - type of meristem, give rise to vascular tissue  Vegetative organs - leaf, stem, root; perform functions  Interior area - composed of mesophyll, tissue carries o
c. Cohesion (second growth - cause plant to increase in girth) that allow plant to live and grow photosynthesis
d. Pressure • Epidermal tissue • Monocots Versus Eudicots  Vascular tissue - terminate at mesophyll transports
5. What defines deciduous plants? ○ Body of plant - covered by an epidermis (layer of closely packed cells that act ○ Plant organs - arranged in diff patterns depending on flowering water/minerals to leaf & transports product of photos
a. These plants lose their leaves on a yearly basis as barrier) plant carbohydrates away from leaf (transported in form of
b. They have compound leaves ○ Wall of epidermal cells - exposed to air = covered w/ waxy cuticle to ○ Cotyledons - embryonic leaves present in seeds (seed leaf of an sucrose)
c. Their leaves are simple minimize water loss embryo of a flowering plant; provides nutrient molecules for the ○ Mesophyll (2) distinct regions - Palisade mesophyll & spongy
d. Leaves of these plants are retained all year long  Cuticle - protection from bacteria & organisms may cause disease developing plant before photosynthesis begins)  Forms body of leaf and carries on photosynthesis
6. Select all the choices that are macronutrients in plant nutrition ○ Cells - can be modified into other types of cells Check your progress  Wither after 1st true leaves appear  Palisade - tightly packed cells, increase surface area fo
a. Carbon ○ Root hairs - long, slender projections, increase surface area of root for 1. Describe the difference in function  Plant embryos w/ are monocotyledons (monocots) absorption of sunlight
b. Oxygen absorption of water and minerals between the root and shoot systems of a □ Cotyledons of monocots - store some nutrients and  Spongy - irregular cells surrounded by air spaces
c. Nitrogen ○ Leaves - epidermis contains stomata plant act as transfer tissue for nutrients stored elsewhere □ Loosely packed arrangement of cells - increases
d. Phosphorus  Stomata - small opening surrounded by two guard cells which gases 2. Define cotyledon and explain its function  Monocot - monocotyledon; member of a flowering plant area for gas exchange & water loss
e. Zinc pass, serves to minimize water loss (open = gas exchange & water loss) 3. List the differences between monocots group that has one embryonic leaf (cotyledon), parallel-  Water - into leaf by xylem tissue evaporates from spon
7. A plant is capable of growth its entire life because of ________ tissue ○ Trichomes - type of epidermal cell, make plant leaves & stems feel prickly or and eudicots veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles, and flower parts mesophyll and exists at stomata
a. Ground hairy, discourages insects from eating plant in threes or multiples of three ○ Functions aside from photosynthesis:
b. Epidermal • Ground tissue  Plant embryos w/ 2 are eudicotyledons (eudicots)  Modified as tendrils allow plant to attach to objects
c. Root ○ Forms the internal bulk of leaves, stems, and roots □ Cotyledons of eudicots - supply nutrients for  Traps for catching insects
d. Meristem ○ Three types of cells: seedlings □ Cactus - spines (leaves) reduce water loss & prot
8. Apical meristems differentiate into which three specialized types of tissues? Check Your Progress  Parenchyma cells - least specialized of the cell types, thin-walled • Distinction between monocots & eudicots: hungry animals
a. Epidermal 1. List the three types of tissue in a plant and □ found in all organs of plant ○ Difference in structures: • Stems - usually the upright, vertical portion of a plant that transpo
b. Ground summarize the functions of each □ may contain chloroplasts and carry on photosynthesis  Vascular tissue - location and arrangement substances to and from the leaves
c. Vascular 2. Contrast the function of xylem with that of □ May contain colorless organelles that store products of □ Monocot root - ring around center ○ Nonwoody stems - stem that experiences only primary grow
d. Fruit phloem photosynthesis □ Eudicot root - located in center  Examples - zinnias, mint, and daisies (herbaceous plan
9. What are true statements regarding monocots? 3. Describe the modifications that may occur  Collenchyma cells - like p. cells except have irregularly shaped corners □ Xylem - star shape  Herbaceous stem - outermost tissue, epidermis, cover
a. They feature one embryonic leaf in epidermal tissue and thicker cell walls (celery stalks, composed of collenchyma cells) □ Phloem - located btw points cuticle to prevent water loss
b. Vascular bundles are dispersed throughout the stem □ Form bundles beneath epidermis  Stem - vascular bundles scattered (monocot) & ring □ Cortex, eudicot stem - a narrow band of parench
c. Leaf veins create a net pattern □ Give flexible support to immature regions of plant body (eudicot) (beneath epidermis)
d. They have four or five floral segments  Sclerenchyma cells - thick secondary cell walls containing lignin, makes  Leaf veins - parallel (monocot) & netlike patterns  Sometimes green and carries on photosyn
10. Select the two types of vascular tissues in plants plant cell walls tough and hard (outer shell of nut made of) (eudicots) □ Pith, eudicot stem - ground tissue in center
a. Xylem □ Most nonliving; primary function to support the mature regions  Eudicots - larger group (dandelions to oak trees)  Vascular bundles - distinctive, xylem/phloem found
b. Phloem of plant  Monocots - most significant food sources (rice, wheat, □ Xylem - typically found toward inside stem
c. Veins • Vascular tissue corn) □ Phloem - found toward outside
d. Roots ○ Extends from the root through the stem to the leaves, vice versa □ Herbaceous eudicots - arranged in distinct ring, s
11. Which statements about a plant's root system are accurate? ○ Root - located in a central cylinder cortex from pith
a. It supplies water and minerals to the plant ○ Stem - found in multiple vascular bundles □ Herbaceous monocots - scattered thruout stem
b. It generates primary growth downward ○ Leaves - found in leaf veins characteristic "monkey face" appearance
c. It contains an apical meristem at the site of connection with the stem ○ Types of tissue found together, different functions  Diagram to right contrasts eudicot vs mon
d. In flowering plants, it houses the reproductive organs  Xylem - transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves  Monocot stem - lacks organized cortex or pith
12. The cohesion-tension model explains the movement of which substances through □ Conducting cells: vessel elements and tracheids  Stems resist breakage - internal strength provided by v
a plant?  Hollow and nonliving elements, tracheids, and sclerenchyma cells w/in lignin
a. Water  Vessel elements - larger, perforated end walls, arranged to  Stems - functions other than support and transport
b. Minerals form continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport □ Cactus - stem primary photosynthetic organ and
c. Carbohydrates  Tracheids - end & side walls have pits, allow water to water reservior
d. Proteins move from one tracheid to another □ Perennial plants - able to regrow each szn from v
13. Which structure on a plant's root system greatly increases the absorptive capacity  Phloem - transports sugar (sucrose) and other organic compounds, Check your progress underground stems, tubers/rhizomes, bear node
and surface area of the roots? from leaves to the roots 1. Explain how the structure of a leaf aid in produce new shoot system
a. Taproot □ Conducting cells - sieve-tube members; named because they photosynthesis ○ Woody stems - experience both primary and secondary grow
b. Root hairs contain a cluster of pores in their end walls 2. List the components that make up wood and trees & shrubs)
c. Rhizomes  Arranged to form continuos sieve tube bark  Secondary growth - increases girth of stems, branches
d. Root caps  Contain cytoplasm but no nuclei 3. List the functions of the tissues of eudicot root □ Occurs - difference in location and activity of vas
14. Bacteria living in the root nodules of legumes receive ______ from the plant  Each one has companion cell, does have nucleus cambium (type of meristem tissue)
a. Water □ Herbaceous eudicots - v.c. present between xyle
b. Oxygen of each vascular bundle
c. Carbohydrates □ Vascular cambium - ring of meristem, produces n
d. Nitrogen compounds xylem/phloem yearly
 Older woody stem - v.c. occurs btw bark a
 Bark - external covering of a tree stem, containing cork
1st attempt - 85.71 % (12 correct, 2 incorrect) cambium, cortex, and phloem
1st attempt - #% (# correct, # incorrect) □ Harmful - removal, w/o phloem organic nutrient
transported
 New phloem - doesn't build up in same ma
xylem
□ Cork cambium - located beneath epidermis, ano
of active cell division
 process: divide, produces tissue disrupts e
replace w/ cork cells
 Cork cells - impregnated w/ suberin, waxy
makes waterproof and causes them to die
 Woody stem - gas exchange impeded, exc
What Did You Learn? lenticles, pockets of loosely arranged cork
Use section to review notes and highlight/edit information written impregnated w/ suberin
down. These are key things you should've taken away from the  Wood - secondary xylem that builds up year after year
chapter in each section, any extra information is still essential to plants, becoming annual rings, increasing girth of tree
learning. □ Growing szn - v.c. dormant during winter & activ
when temperatures increase and water more av
 Spring - v.c. produces secondary xylem tiss
contains wide vessels w/ thin walls (spring
◊ Wider vessels transport sufficient w
growing leaves
 Summer - less rain and wood at time has l
proportion of vessels
 End - b4 v.c. dormant, only heavy fibers w
thick secondary walls may develop
 Trunk of tree - spring wood followed by su
wood, two together one year's growth (a.k
ring)
□ Annual rings - layer of wood (secondary xylem) u
produced during one growing season
 Clues - water availability, past forest fires,
support predictions abt global climate cha
□ Dendrochronologist - scientist who studies annu
determine the age of trees
□ Wood - most useful and versatile materials
 Building structure & making furniture
 Heating and cooking
 Produce paper, chemicals, pharmaceutical
 Resin derived - used to make turpentine a

• Roots - system of a plant responsible for absorbing nutrients and w
the soil, as well as providing anchoring to the plant
○ Root system - at least equivalent in size and extent to shoot
 Extent depends on environment
 Features - Cylindrical shape & slimy surface
□ Allow roots to penetrate soil as grow & permit w
absorbed from all sides
□ Special zone near root tip - root hairs greatly inc
absorptive capacity of root
□ Root hairs - numerous that increase absoprtion o
and minerals tremendously
 Cells - constantly replaced
□ Transplantation - not well, small lateral roots & r
torn off
 Successful - surrounding soil along w/ plan
lateral roots & root hairs intact
○ Growth zones of a root
 Monocot & eudicot roots - same growth zones
□ Longitudinal section of root tip - cells in various s
differentiation as primary growth occurs
□ Apical meristem of root - contains actively dividi
and surrounded by root cap
 Root cap - covered w/ slimy substance to h
penetrate downward into abrasive soil, me
damaged to protect apical meristem
 Dividing cells - found in zone of cell divisio
□ Creation of new cells - older cells pushed into zo
elongation, cells lengthen as become specialized
□ Zone of maturation - contains fully differentiated
many of the epidermal cells have root hairs
○ Five tissues of a root:
 Vascular tissue - both monocot and eudicot roots have
cylinders that contain xylem and phloem but the cylind
arranged differently. In eudicot root, the xylem is star-
because several xylem arms radiate from a common ce
Phloem is found in separate regions between the poin
star. In a monocot root, the vascular cylinder consists o
alternating xylem and phloem bundles that surround a
can function as a storage site.
 Endodermis - the endodermis of a root is a single layer
rectangular cells that fit snugly together. A layer of imp
material on all but two sides forces water and mineral
through endodermal cells. In this way, the endodermis
the entrance of minerals into the vascular tissue of the
 Pericycle - the pericycle is the first layer of cells inside
endodermis of the root. These cells can continue to div
form lateral roots
 Cortex - large, thin-walled parenchyma cells make up t
of the root. The cells contain starch granules, and the c
function in food storage
 Epidermis - the epidermis, which forms the outer layer
root, consists of only a single layer of largely thin-walle
rectangular cells. In the zone of maturation, many epid
cells have root hairs

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