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Samenvatting biologie 1-1a
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Samenvatting biologie 1ste semester. Lessen gegeven door Temmerman.
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Samenvatting Biologie 1-1aInhoud
Aanpassingen (PPT 1) .............................................................................................................................. 5
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Wat is biologie? ............................................................................................................................... 5
Wanneer spreken we van levende materie? .................................................................................. 5
Levensfuncties ............................................................................................................................. 6
Hoe kunnen we de levende wezens ordenen? ............................................................................... 6
Hoe is die grote biodiversiteit op aarde tot stand gekomen?......................................................... 9
Aanpassingen .................................................................................................................................... 10
Aanpassingen op celniveau: biochemie en cytologie (ALLES MET BETREKKING VAN CELLEER NIET
KENNEN) ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Algemene kenmerken van alle cellen........................................................................................ 10
Hoe zijn eukaryoten cellen opgebouwd? .................................................................................. 10
Hoe zijn celorganellen aangepast aan hun functie?.................................................................. 11
De celmembraan: binnen of buiten?..................................................................................... 11
Omgaan met osmotische verschillen .................................................................................... 11
Kleine ruimte en toch veel plaats .......................................................................................... 12
Mitochondriën en chloroplasten: oppervlaktevergroting..................................................... 12
Opvangen van licht: een superaanpassing ............................................................................ 12
Oorsprong van mitochondriën en chloroplasten .................................................................. 12
Over bacteriën ....................................................................................................................... 13
Verschillende celvormen ....................................................................................................... 13
Celwand ................................................................................................................................. 13
Cytoplasma ............................................................................................................................ 14
Voortplanting ........................................................................................................................ 14
Hoe kan een cel zich vermenigvuldigen? .................................................................................. 14
Bouw van het DNA – desoxyribonucleïnezuur ...................................................................... 14
Veel informatie, weinig ruimte: opvouwing DNA ................................................................. 14
Verdubbeling van DNA .......................................................................................................... 15
Mitose en cytokinese ............................................................................................................ 15
Hoe kan een cel zich verdedigen? ............................................................................................. 15
Afweer: Aanpassen of ziek worden ....................................................................................... 15
Problemen ............................................................................................................................. 15
Uitschakeling van afweersysteem ......................................................................................... 16
, Bloedtransfusie...................................................................................................................... 16
Aanpassingen van weefsels, organen en stelsels (STELSELS VAN DE MENS NIET KENNEN) ......... 16
Dekweefsel: beschermen en meer ............................................................................................ 16
Transportweefsel....................................................................................................................... 17
Spijsvertering ............................................................................................................................. 17
Ademhaling................................................................................................................................ 17
Uitscheiding ............................................................................................................................... 19
Aanpassingen van het skelet ..................................................................................................... 20
Voortplanting ............................................................................................................................ 21
Obstakels en aanpassingen: .................................................................................................. 21
Hormonale regulatie ............................................................................................................. 22
Bevruchting ........................................................................................................................... 22
Aanpassingen van organismen en populaties ............................................................................... 23
Perfect aangepast aan de omgeving ......................................................................................... 23
Eten en (niet) gegeten worden ................................................................................................. 23
Zorgen voor nakomelingen ....................................................................................................... 24
Samen sterk ............................................................................................................................... 24
Morfologie van de zaadplanten (PPT 2) ................................................................................................ 26
Determinatie van zaadplanten .......................................................................................................... 26
Hoofdonderdelen van de plant ......................................................................................................... 26
Onderdelen van de plant................................................................................................................... 26
Bloemplanten: een eerste indeling ................................................................................................... 27
De wortel ........................................................................................................................................... 27
1. Omschrijving .......................................................................................................................... 27
2. Functie ................................................................................................................................... 27
3. Delen ..................................................................................................................................... 27
4. Gewijzigde wortels ................................................................................................................ 28
De stengel .......................................................................................................................................... 29
1. Omschrijving .......................................................................................................................... 29
2. Functie ................................................................................................................................... 29
3. Kenmerken ............................................................................................................................ 29
4. Gewijzigde stengels ............................................................................................................... 29
Het blad ............................................................................................................................................. 30
1. Omschrijving .......................................................................................................................... 30
2. Nervatuur .............................................................................................................................. 30
3. Bladschijf ............................................................................................................................... 31
4. Speciale bladeren .................................................................................................................. 31
, 5. Bladstand (= fyllotaxis) .......................................................................................................... 32
Over fyllotaxis, de rij van Fibonacci en de gulden snede .......................................................... 32
6. Gewijzigde bladeren .............................................................................................................. 33
De bloem ........................................................................................................................................... 34
1. Omschrijving en bouw ........................................................................................................... 34
2. Bloemkenmerken .................................................................................................................. 34
3. Onvolkomen bloemen ........................................................................................................... 34
4. Bloemdelen ........................................................................................................................... 35
5. Bloemformule en bloemdiagram .......................................................................................... 36
6. Bloemgestellen ...................................................................................................................... 36
7. Bestuiving .............................................................................................................................. 37
Soorten ...................................................................................................................................... 37
8. Zaadvorming .......................................................................................................................... 38
9. Zaadbouw .............................................................................................................................. 38
10. Verspreiding van zaden en vruchten ................................................................................. 39
De vrucht ........................................................................................................................................... 39
1. Definitie ................................................................................................................................. 39
2. Indeling .................................................................................................................................. 39
Droge vruchten .......................................................................................................................... 40
Vlezige vruchten ........................................................................................................................ 41
Schijnvruchten ........................................................................................................................... 41
Plantensystematiek (PPT 3) ................................................................................................................... 42
Indeling van het plantenrijk .............................................................................................................. 42
Zaadplanten....................................................................................................................................... 42
Enkele families tweezaadlobbigen .................................................................................................... 43
Kruisbloemigen (Brassicaceae, Cruciferae) ................................................................................... 43
Ranonkelachtigen (Ranunculaceae) .............................................................................................. 43
Rozenfamilie (Rosaceae) ............................................................................................................... 44
Schermbloemigen (Apiaceae, Umbelliferae)................................................................................. 44
Lipbloemigen (Lamiaceae, Labiatae) ............................................................................................. 45
Nachtschade-achtigen (Solanaceae) ............................................................................................. 45
Samengesteldbloemigen (Asteraceae, Compositae)..................................................................... 45
Vlinderbloemigen (Fabaceae, Leguminosae) ................................................................................ 46
Ruwbladigen (Boraginaceae) ........................................................................................................ 46
Anjerfamilie (Caryophyllaceae) ..................................................................................................... 47
Heide-achtigen (Ericaceae)............................................................................................................ 47
Sleutelbloemfamilie (Primulaceae) ............................................................................................... 47
, Helmkruidfamilie (Scrophulariaceae) ............................................................................................ 48
Vioolachtigen (Violaceae) .............................................................................................................. 48
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