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Samenvatting biologie 1-1b
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Samenvatting biologie 2de semester. Lessen gegeven door Temmerman.
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Samenvatting Biologie 1-1bInhoud
Reproductie bij bedektzadigen en zoogdieren (PPT 1) ........................................................................... 7
Ongeslachtelijke voortplanting ........................................................................................................... 7
Belang en voorkomen...................................................................................................................... 7
Mitose: de gewone celdeling .......................................................................................................... 8
Interfase en replicatie ................................................................................................................. 8
Bouw van het DNA .................................................................................................................. 8
Verdubbeling van DNA: replicatie ........................................................................................... 9
Mitose en Cytokinese .................................................................................................................. 9
Profase ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Metafase................................................................................................................................ 10
Anafase .................................................................................................................................. 10
Telofase ................................................................................................................................. 11
Cytokinese ............................................................................................................................. 11
Geslachtelijke voortplanting ............................................................................................................. 12
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Speciale vormen ........................................................................................................................ 14
Broedzorg of niet? ..................................................................................................................... 14
Meiose ........................................................................................................................................... 15
¨Profase 1 .................................................................................................................................. 15
Metafase 1 ................................................................................................................................. 15
Anafase 1 ................................................................................................................................... 16
Telofase 1 en profase 2 ............................................................................................................. 16
Metafase 2 ................................................................................................................................. 16
Anafase 2 ................................................................................................................................... 16
Telofase II .................................................................................................................................. 16
Vergelijking mitose-meiose 1 ........................................................................................................ 17
Vergelijking mitose – meiose 2...................................................................................................... 17
Seks bij bedektzadigden .................................................................................................................... 18
Ontwikkeling van gameten: een overzicht .................................................................................... 18
Ontwikkeling van zaadknoppen .................................................................................................... 18
Ontwikkeling van pollen ................................................................................................................ 19
Bestuiving en bevruchting ............................................................................................................. 19
Zaadvorming .................................................................................................................................. 20
, Zaadbouw ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Verspreiding van zaden en vruchten ............................................................................................. 20
Kieming .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Seks bij dieren ................................................................................................................................... 21
De mannelijke geslachtsorganen .................................................................................................. 21
Bouw en functie ........................................................................................................................ 22
Teelballen .............................................................................................................................. 22
Bijbal (epididymis) ................................................................................................................. 23
Sperma................................................................................................................................... 23
Ejaculatie ............................................................................................................................... 23
Hormonale regulatie ................................................................................................................. 23
De vrouwelijke geslachtsorganen.................................................................................................. 24
Bouw en functie ........................................................................................................................ 24
Eierstokken (ovaria) .............................................................................................................. 24
Ovulatie ................................................................................................................................. 24
Na de ovulatie ....................................................................................................................... 24
Baarmoeder en vagina .......................................................................................................... 25
Uitwendig .............................................................................................................................. 25
Hormonale regulatie ................................................................................................................. 25
Geen bevruchting .................................................................................................................. 26
Wel bevruchting .................................................................................................................... 26
Bevruchting en embryonale ontwikkeling..................................................................................... 26
Bevruchting ............................................................................................................................... 26
Obstakels en aanpassingen ....................................................................................................... 26
Embryonale ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................... 27
Geboorte(beperking) en geslachtsziekten .................................................................................... 28
Geboortebeperking ................................................................................................................... 28
Geslachtsziekten........................................................................................................................ 29
(On)vruchtbaarheid ................................................................................................................... 30
Overerving ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................... 31
De wetten van Mendel (1822-1884) ............................................................................................. 31
De eerste wet: segregatiewet ................................................................................................... 31
De tweede wet: onafhankelijke segregatie ............................................................................... 31
Morgan .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Erfelijke ziekten ............................................................................................................................. 32
, Mutaties .................................................................................................................................... 32
Genoommutaties................................................................................................................... 32
Chromosoommutaties ........................................................................................................... 32
Genmutaties .......................................................................................................................... 32
Recessieve heterosomale genen ............................................................................................... 32
Dominante heterosomale genen .............................................................................................. 33
Dominante autosomale genen .................................................................................................. 33
Recessieve autosomale genen .................................................................................................. 33
Stamboomoefeningen (zeer belangrijk) .................................................................................... 33
Histologie van planten (PPT 2) .............................................................................................................. 34
Indeling van weefsels ........................................................................................................................ 34
Deelweefsels of meristemen ......................................................................................................... 34
Permanente, gedifferentieerde weefsels...................................................................................... 34
Dekweefsel ................................................................................................................................ 34
Epidermis = primair dekweefsel ............................................................................................ 34
Kurkweefsel = secundair dekweefsel .................................................................................... 35
Grondweefsel of parenchym ..................................................................................................... 35
Steunweefsel ............................................................................................................................. 35
Collenchym (levend) .............................................................................................................. 35
Sclerenchym (dood)............................................................................................................... 35
Steencellen (dood) ................................................................................................................ 35
Geleidingsweefsel...................................................................................................................... 35
Xyleem (HOUT) ...................................................................................................................... 35
Floeem (BAST) ....................................................................................................................... 36
Secretieweefsel ......................................................................................................................... 36
De stengel .......................................................................................................................................... 36
Soorten vaatbundels ..................................................................................................................... 36
Open collaterale vaatbundels ................................................................................................... 36
Gesloten collaterale vaatbundels .............................................................................................. 36
Concentrische vaatbundel met xyleem buitenzijde .................................................................. 37
Concentrische vaatbundel met xyleem binnenzijde ................................................................. 37
Bicollaterale vaatbundel............................................................................................................ 37
Radiale vaatbundel .................................................................................................................... 37
Stengel van een dicotyl ................................................................................................................. 37
Stengel van een monocotyl ........................................................................................................... 37
Secundaire diktegroei van de stengel ........................................................................................... 38
, De wortel ........................................................................................................................................... 39
Het blad ............................................................................................................................................. 40
Tweezaadlobbigen......................................................................................................................... 40
Eénzaadlobbigen ........................................................................................................................... 41
Naaktzadigen ................................................................................................................................. 41
Biotechnologie (PPT 3) .......................................................................................................................... 42
Medische toepassingen: .................................................................................................................... 42
Plantenveredeling: ............................................................................................................................ 43
Industriële toepassingen: .................................................................................................................. 43
Designerbaby’s .................................................................................................................................. 44
En wat met de omgeving? ................................................................................................................. 44
Ook mitochondriën doen mee: ......................................................................................................... 45
Eerst zien… ........................................................................................................................................ 45
… en dan herstellen ........................................................................................................................... 45
Of toch beter voorkomen? ................................................................................................................ 45
Cytologie (PPT 4) ................................................................................................................................... 46
Microscopie ....................................................................................................................................... 46
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Bouw van de microscoop .............................................................................................................. 47
Correct gebruiken van de lichtmicroscoop ............................................................................... 47
Beeldvorming bij lichtmicroscopen ............................................................................................... 47
Oplossend (scheidend) vermogen ............................................................................................. 48
Doorvallend licht ....................................................................................................................... 49
Opvallend licht........................................................................................................................... 49
Elektronenmicroscopen ................................................................................................................ 49
Doorvallend licht ....................................................................................................................... 49
Opvallend licht........................................................................................................................... 49
Cytologie ............................................................................................................................................ 50
Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................... 50
GFP............................................................................................................................................. 50
Diercellen................................................................................................................................... 51
Plantencellen ............................................................................................................................. 51
Diffusie en passief transport ..................................................................................................... 51
Osmose ...................................................................................................................................... 51
Plasmolyse ................................................................................................................................. 52
Actief transport (tegen gradiënt in) .......................................................................................... 52
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