This section is the practice questions for HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FINAL that can help you think critically and augment your review for the HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FINAL exams.
PSY 2335 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS
Human Physiology - the study of how our bodies keep us alive and functioning
"Function follows Form" - the important interaction between physiology (function) and anatomy (form)
Physiology vs. Anatomy - physiology = FUNCTION, anatomy = FORM
the role of physiology is to understand how the anatomy is used to make these functions happen.
anatomy = structure
physiology = processes that accomplish functions
example function follows form - neuron
Functions of a Neuron (3)
(+how does the anatomy of a neuron help it perform these functions) - 1.) receive information from
different sources
(dendrites - increase surface area)
2.) manufacture neurotransmitters
(nucleus)
3.) quickly transmit information across long distances
(axon)
Homeostasis - maintaining internal equilibrium
Why is homeostasis important? - -things are changing
external factors in environment (ex: temperature)
internal factors in body
(ex: exercise = heat, eat->sugar->bloodstream)
How is homeostasis maintained? - Negative Feedback
what does negative feedback do? - maintain set point
4 (7) steps of Negative Feedback - 1.) There is a stimulus or change in the body.
ex: temperature; too cold triggers shivering, too hot triggers sweating to release heat
2.) The receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body.
, 3.) goes through afferent pathway (toward CNS)
4) The integrating/control center (brain) interprets the change
5.) the control center sends signals down efferent pathway (away from CNS)
6.) The effector (muscle or glands) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis.
7.) effector creates a response to correct stimulus and bring back to set point
ex: decrease heat loss (constriction of blood toward organs to keep warm) and increase heat production
(shiver to create heat)
(negative feedback can occur again with another stimulus)
Positive Feedback - -BREAKS THE SETPOINT - MOVES AWAY FROM SETPOINT
- localized
- rapid activation of elements
ex: platelets -> clotting (platelets sense damage - activate more platelets - clotting)
estrogen increases prior to ovulation
calcium release in muscle
How does positive feedback fit in with the idea of homeostasis? - It maintains the overall homeostasis
through QUICK ACTIVATIONS for relatively short times
Atoms - the smallest elemental particles
Ions - atoms with extra electrons or missing electrons
pH - measured based on the concentration of hydrogen ions
low pH = high [H+] = acidic ex: HCl
high pH = low [H+] = basic ex: HCO3-
Molecules - combinations of atoms, linked by a chemical bond
a.) small ex: H2O, CO2, Glucose, Amino acids
b.) large ex: fats, proteins, DNA
Why does molecular size matter? (2 things) - 1.) ease of movement (sm. molecule move faster/easier)
2.) amount of stored energy
(larger = more bonds to break = more energy)
Polarity - the equality of sharing e- (distribution of e- throughout molecule)
ex: water, glucose, all ions, amine & peptide hormones
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