Test Bank For Plastic Surgery: Volume 4,
5th Edition
Author :
Peter C. Neligan
,Chapter 1: Comprehensive Lower Extremity Anatomy
1. Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for plantar flexion of the foot?
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Gastrocnemius
C. Quadratus femoris
D. Sartorius
Answer: B. Gastrocnemius
Rationale: The gastrocnemius muscle, located in the calf, is primarily responsible for
plantar flexion of the foot. It plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, running,
and jumping. The tibialis anterior, on the other hand, is responsible for dorsiflexion.
2. The femoral artery provides blood supply to which of the following areas?
A. Posterior thigh
B. Anterior thigh
C. Posterior calf
D. Anterior leg
Answer: B. Anterior thigh
Rationale: The femoral artery is the major artery supplying the lower extremities and
primarily feeds the anterior thigh. It also branches into several smaller arteries, including
the deep femoral artery, which supplies the muscles of the thigh.
3. Which structure is responsible for the sensation of pain and temperature on the lower
extremity?
A. Posterior column
B. Spinothalamic tract
C. Corticospinal tract
D. Medial lemniscus
Answer: B. Spinothalamic tract
Rationale: The spinothalamic tract is responsible for transmitting sensations such as pain
and temperature from the body to the brain. It runs through the spinal cord and crosses to
the opposite side before reaching the thalamus.
4. The primary function of the patella is to:
A. Protect the knee joint
B. Facilitate knee extension
C. Stabilize the tibia
D. Both A and B
Answer: D. Both A and B
Rationale: The patella, or kneecap, acts as a protective shield for the knee joint and also
increases the mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps during knee extension by acting as
a fulcrum.
5. Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle?
A. Sciatic nerve
B. Femoral nerve
C. Tibial nerve
, D. Obturator nerve
Answer: B. Femoral nerve
Rationale: The femoral nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle, which is
responsible for knee extension. The sciatic nerve primarily innervates the muscles of the
posterior thigh, while the tibial nerve supplies the posterior leg muscles.
6. The main function of the iliotibial band is to:
A. Flex the hip
B. Abduct the thigh
C. Stabilize the knee during walking
D. Adduct the thigh
Answer: C. Stabilize the knee during walking
Rationale: The iliotibial band (ITB) is a thick band of connective tissue that runs along
the lateral aspect of the thigh. It stabilizes the knee, especially during activities like
walking and running, by providing lateral support.
7. Which of the following is the primary action of the hamstring muscles?
A. Knee extension
B. Hip extension and knee flexion
C. Hip flexion and knee extension
D. Plantar flexion
Answer: B. Hip extension and knee flexion
Rationale: The hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and
semimembranosus) primarily function to extend the hip and flex the knee.
8. The tibial nerve supplies sensation to which part of the lower leg?
A. Lateral aspect of the leg
B. Medial aspect of the leg
C. Dorsal aspect of the foot
D. Plantar surface of the foot
Answer: D. Plantar surface of the foot
Rationale: The tibial nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior leg and provides
sensory input to the plantar surface of the foot. It is the primary nerve for sensation in this
area.
9. Which of the following bones is part of the lower extremity?
A. Radius
B. Fibula
C. Ulna
D. Scaphoid
Answer: B. Fibula
Rationale: The fibula is one of the two long bones in the lower leg, along with the tibia.
The radius, ulna, and scaphoid are all part of the upper extremity.
10. What is the primary action of the gluteus medius muscle?
A. Hip flexion
B. Hip abduction
C. Hip extension
D. Knee flexion
Answer: B. Hip abduction
, Rationale: The gluteus medius is primarily responsible for the abduction of the hip. It
plays an important role in stabilizing the pelvis during walking and running.
11. Which ligament stabilizes the knee by preventing anterior displacement of the tibia?
A. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
B. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
C. Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
D. Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Answer: A. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Rationale: The ACL prevents the anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur,
thereby stabilizing the knee during movement. The PCL, in contrast, prevents posterior
displacement of the tibia.
12. The primary muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot is:
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Gastrocnemius
C. Soleus
D. Peroneus longus
Answer: A. Tibialis anterior
Rationale: The tibialis anterior is responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot, which occurs
when the foot is lifted upwards toward the shin.
13. Which structure is part of the pelvic girdle?
A. Femur
B. Ilium
C. Fibula
D. Tibia
Answer: B. Ilium
Rationale: The iliac bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) make up the pelvic girdle. The
femur, fibula, and tibia are bones of the lower leg.
14. The primary action of the sartorius muscle is to:
A. Extend the knee
B. Flex the hip and knee
C. Abduct the hip
D. Rotate the femur
Answer: B. Flex the hip and knee
Rationale: The sartorius is a long, strap-like muscle that flexes both the hip and knee. It
also plays a role in laterally rotating the thigh.
15. What is the function of the popliteus muscle in the lower extremity?
A. Flexes the knee
B. Unlocks the knee from extension
C. Stabilizes the ankle
D. Adducts the hip
Answer: B. Unlocks the knee from extension
Rationale: The popliteus muscle plays a key role in unlocking the knee from full
extension, allowing for flexion to occur.
16. Which structure is located in the hip joint and helps with stability during weight-bearing
activities?
A. Labrum
5th Edition
Author :
Peter C. Neligan
,Chapter 1: Comprehensive Lower Extremity Anatomy
1. Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for plantar flexion of the foot?
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Gastrocnemius
C. Quadratus femoris
D. Sartorius
Answer: B. Gastrocnemius
Rationale: The gastrocnemius muscle, located in the calf, is primarily responsible for
plantar flexion of the foot. It plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, running,
and jumping. The tibialis anterior, on the other hand, is responsible for dorsiflexion.
2. The femoral artery provides blood supply to which of the following areas?
A. Posterior thigh
B. Anterior thigh
C. Posterior calf
D. Anterior leg
Answer: B. Anterior thigh
Rationale: The femoral artery is the major artery supplying the lower extremities and
primarily feeds the anterior thigh. It also branches into several smaller arteries, including
the deep femoral artery, which supplies the muscles of the thigh.
3. Which structure is responsible for the sensation of pain and temperature on the lower
extremity?
A. Posterior column
B. Spinothalamic tract
C. Corticospinal tract
D. Medial lemniscus
Answer: B. Spinothalamic tract
Rationale: The spinothalamic tract is responsible for transmitting sensations such as pain
and temperature from the body to the brain. It runs through the spinal cord and crosses to
the opposite side before reaching the thalamus.
4. The primary function of the patella is to:
A. Protect the knee joint
B. Facilitate knee extension
C. Stabilize the tibia
D. Both A and B
Answer: D. Both A and B
Rationale: The patella, or kneecap, acts as a protective shield for the knee joint and also
increases the mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps during knee extension by acting as
a fulcrum.
5. Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle?
A. Sciatic nerve
B. Femoral nerve
C. Tibial nerve
, D. Obturator nerve
Answer: B. Femoral nerve
Rationale: The femoral nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle, which is
responsible for knee extension. The sciatic nerve primarily innervates the muscles of the
posterior thigh, while the tibial nerve supplies the posterior leg muscles.
6. The main function of the iliotibial band is to:
A. Flex the hip
B. Abduct the thigh
C. Stabilize the knee during walking
D. Adduct the thigh
Answer: C. Stabilize the knee during walking
Rationale: The iliotibial band (ITB) is a thick band of connective tissue that runs along
the lateral aspect of the thigh. It stabilizes the knee, especially during activities like
walking and running, by providing lateral support.
7. Which of the following is the primary action of the hamstring muscles?
A. Knee extension
B. Hip extension and knee flexion
C. Hip flexion and knee extension
D. Plantar flexion
Answer: B. Hip extension and knee flexion
Rationale: The hamstring muscles (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and
semimembranosus) primarily function to extend the hip and flex the knee.
8. The tibial nerve supplies sensation to which part of the lower leg?
A. Lateral aspect of the leg
B. Medial aspect of the leg
C. Dorsal aspect of the foot
D. Plantar surface of the foot
Answer: D. Plantar surface of the foot
Rationale: The tibial nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior leg and provides
sensory input to the plantar surface of the foot. It is the primary nerve for sensation in this
area.
9. Which of the following bones is part of the lower extremity?
A. Radius
B. Fibula
C. Ulna
D. Scaphoid
Answer: B. Fibula
Rationale: The fibula is one of the two long bones in the lower leg, along with the tibia.
The radius, ulna, and scaphoid are all part of the upper extremity.
10. What is the primary action of the gluteus medius muscle?
A. Hip flexion
B. Hip abduction
C. Hip extension
D. Knee flexion
Answer: B. Hip abduction
, Rationale: The gluteus medius is primarily responsible for the abduction of the hip. It
plays an important role in stabilizing the pelvis during walking and running.
11. Which ligament stabilizes the knee by preventing anterior displacement of the tibia?
A. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
B. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
C. Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
D. Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Answer: A. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Rationale: The ACL prevents the anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur,
thereby stabilizing the knee during movement. The PCL, in contrast, prevents posterior
displacement of the tibia.
12. The primary muscle responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot is:
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Gastrocnemius
C. Soleus
D. Peroneus longus
Answer: A. Tibialis anterior
Rationale: The tibialis anterior is responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot, which occurs
when the foot is lifted upwards toward the shin.
13. Which structure is part of the pelvic girdle?
A. Femur
B. Ilium
C. Fibula
D. Tibia
Answer: B. Ilium
Rationale: The iliac bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) make up the pelvic girdle. The
femur, fibula, and tibia are bones of the lower leg.
14. The primary action of the sartorius muscle is to:
A. Extend the knee
B. Flex the hip and knee
C. Abduct the hip
D. Rotate the femur
Answer: B. Flex the hip and knee
Rationale: The sartorius is a long, strap-like muscle that flexes both the hip and knee. It
also plays a role in laterally rotating the thigh.
15. What is the function of the popliteus muscle in the lower extremity?
A. Flexes the knee
B. Unlocks the knee from extension
C. Stabilizes the ankle
D. Adducts the hip
Answer: B. Unlocks the knee from extension
Rationale: The popliteus muscle plays a key role in unlocking the knee from full
extension, allowing for flexion to occur.
16. Which structure is located in the hip joint and helps with stability during weight-bearing
activities?
A. Labrum
