Deze samenvatting is voor het vak 'Basis didactiek', onderwezen in Howest Brugge door lector Jonas Maeckelberghe. De thema's die verwerkt zijn: Cognitieve psychologie (4 inzichten, geheugens), bouwstenen van efficiënt lesgeven, feedback (feedback, feedforward, tips, verschillende niveaus) en diffe...
COGNITIEVE PSYCHOLOGIE................................................................................................. 2
4 inzichten uit de cognitieve psychologie......................................................................2
Nog leren in tijden van Google?................................................................................... 3
Menselijk brein heeft twee geheugens:.................................................................. 3
Experiment............................................................................................................. 3
DE 12 BOUWSTENEN VAN EFFICIËNT LESGEVEN..................................................................4
Bouwsteen 1: Activeer relevante voorkennis..................................................................... 4
Waarom?...................................................................................................................... 4
Terugblikken................................................................................................................. 4
Hoe terugblikken?...................................................................................................4
Vooruitblikken............................................................................................................... 4
Verschillende soorten advance organizers.............................................................5
Enkele werkvormen...................................................................................................... 5
Digitale voorbeelden:..............................................................................................5
(niet-digitale) voorbeelden:..................................................................................... 5
Hoeveelheid voorkennis............................................................................................... 5
Geactiveerde vakgebonden voorkennis....................................................................... 6
Kwaliteit van de voorkennis.......................................................................................... 6
Misconcepties...............................................................................................................6
Bouwsteen 2: Geef duidelijke, gestructureerde en uitdagende instructie.......................... 7
6 tips voor duidelijke instructie..................................................................................... 7
1. Gebruik begrijpelijke taal.................................................................................... 7
2. Leg dingen opnieuw en op een andere manier uit............................................. 7
3. Zorg dat je weet wie het wel begrepen heeft en wie niet....................................7
4. Verklaar nieuwe begrippen................................................................................. 7
5. Geef duidelijk te beantwoorden, enkelvoudige opdrachten................................7
6. Lok dialoog uit.................................................................................................... 7
6 tips voor gestructureerde instructie........................................................................... 8
1. Advance organizers gebruiken........................................................................... 8
2. Goede voorbereiding zorgt voor dynamiek.........................................................8
3. Zorg voor duidelijke en logisch geordende afgebakende lesfases.....................8
4. Zorg voor focusdoelen........................................................................................8
5. Zorg voor tempo................................................................................................. 9
6. Geef leerlingen de tijd die ze nodig hebben....................................................... 9
Uitdagende instructie....................................................................................................9
Taxonomie van Bloom.................................................................................................. 9
1. Onthouden..........................................................................................................9
2. Begrijpen.......................................................................................................... 10
3. Toepassen........................................................................................................ 10
, 1
4. Analyseren........................................................................................................10
5. Evalueren..........................................................................................................11
6. Creëren.............................................................................................................11
Soorten vragen........................................................................................................... 11
Open vragen......................................................................................................... 11
Gesloten vragen................................................................................................... 11
Productvragen...................................................................................................... 11
Procesvragen........................................................................................................11
Bouwsteen 3: Gebruik voorbeelden................................................................................. 12
Waarom?.................................................................................................................... 12
Hoe?........................................................................................................................... 12
1. Worked examples.............................................................................................12
2. Modeling examples...........................................................................................13
3. Concrete examples...........................................................................................13
Nuances..................................................................................................................... 14
Bouwsteen 4: Combineer woord en beeld....................................................................... 15
Wat wordt bedoeld met WOORDEN?........................................................................ 15
Wat wordt bedoeld met BEELD?................................................................................15
Spelregels voor optimale toepassing......................................................................... 15
Multimediaprincipes van Mayer.................................................................................. 16
1. Coherentieprincipe........................................................................................... 16
2. Modaliteitsprincipe............................................................................................16
3. Nabijheidsprincipe............................................................................................ 16
4. Overbodigheidsprincipe....................................................................................16
5. Signaleringsprincipe......................................................................................... 16
6. Segmenteringsprincipe.....................................................................................16
Bouwsteen 5: Laat leerstof actief verwerken....................................................................17
Hoe?........................................................................................................................... 17
1. Elaboreren........................................................................................................ 17
2. Zelfverklaren.....................................................................................................17
3. Samenvatten.................................................................................................... 17
4. Mapping............................................................................................................17
5. Les laten geven................................................................................................ 17
6. Zelftoetsen........................................................................................................17
Vuistregels..................................................................................................................18
Cognitieve processen................................................................................................. 18
Voorwaarden geslaagd samenwerken....................................................................... 18
1. Houd kosten voor samenwerking laag............................................................. 18
2. Complexe opdracht.......................................................................................... 18
3. Benadruk samenwerking binnen 1 groep......................................................... 19
4. Focus op het leren zelf vergroot motivatie........................................................19
Bouwsteen 6: Achterhaal of de hele klas het heeft begrepen.......................................... 20
Hoe?........................................................................................................................... 20
Vragen........................................................................................................................ 20
, 2
NIET GOED:.........................................................................................................20
GOEDE VRAGEN:............................................................................................... 21
IEDEREEN aan de slag met vragen.....................................................................21
Reageren op antwoorden (als lkr).............................................................................. 21
Curse of knowledge (kennisvloek)............................................................................. 21
Bouwsteen 10: Gebruik toetsing als leer- en oefenstrategie............................................22
Waarom?.................................................................................................................... 22
Hoe?........................................................................................................................... 22
Tips.............................................................................................................................23
Voordelen retrieval practice........................................................................................23
3 soorten toetsing....................................................................................................... 24
FEEDBACK........................................................................................................................ 25
Feedbacktips................................................................................................................25
Feedback..................................................................................................................... 25
Feed up........................................................................................................................25
Feedforward................................................................................................................ 25
Feedback op 3 verschillende niveaus.......................................................................... 26
DIFFERENTIATIE................................................................................................................ 27
Het belang van differentiëren vandaag de dag........................................................... 27
Differentiatie............................................................................................................... 27
Remediëring................................................................................................................ 27
3 soorten differentiatie............................................................................................... 28
4 sporenbeleid.............................................................................................................28
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