Membrane, transport, Cell
Communication
Osmosis
Osmolyte: Solute, compounds affecting osmosis
Hypertonic: water leaves
Isotonic: normal
Hypotonic: water enters cell
Cell membranes & transport
Primary active transport
requires energy, dependent on atp
moves ions across membrane, changing charge
working against gradient
uses channel
secondary active transport
not dependent on atp
dependent on primary, because of the electrochemical gradient created
Depends on electrochemical gradient
Carrier proteins
Uniporter: carries on in one direction
Symoporter: 2 in one direction
Antiporter: 1 in and 1 out (both directions)
Requires energy?
No: uses electrochemical gradient or carrier proteins
Membrane, transport, Cell Communication 1
, Yes: Uses channels or gos against electrochemical gradient
Gastrointestinal tract
Food
Chewed by teeth
ingested by mouth
mixed w saliva
—>Esophegus & stomach
Small intestine
Sodium glucose linked transporter
Brings 2 molecules of sodium and 1 glucose into intestine for digestion
When sodium is too high sodium potassium pump begins working
Part 2
Miscommunication
nothing happens
things happen incorrectly
things happen too much
Worst case= death
can lead to cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes
why do they signal
Membrane, transport, Cell Communication 2
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