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Samenvatting - Neurolinguïstiek
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Een uitgebreide samenvatting van aantekeningen uit het handboek en colleges voor de cursus Neurolinguïstiek.
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Overzicht Neurolinguïstiek P3Week 1: Hoofstuk 1 + College 1
Frenologie = functionele specialisatie en vermogen van een deel van de hersenen is gelinkt
aan grootte; individuele verschillen zijn af te leiden van de vorm van de schedel; bijv.
‘Talenknobbel’
= niet wetenschappelijk onderbouwd!
→ basis moderne neurowetenschap ondanks slechte naam
Modellen cognitieve functies in het brein
● Equipotentiaal (tot 19e eeuw) = geen onderverdeling per functie; het hele brein is bij
alles actief en even belangrijk; schade aan/weghalen van een deel leidt niet tot
beperkingen van een specifieke functie
● Lokalistisch (vanaf 19e eeuw) = specifieke delen spelen een rol, verschillende
functies/processen; een deel van de hersenen heeft een bepaalde cognitieve functie:
onderzoek dmv taalstoornissen (afasie)
● Gedistribueerd/holistisch (laatste decennia) = hersengebieden werken samen,
maar er is wel onderverdeling; netwerken, samenwerkende gebieden; neuroimaging
studies
Afasie en frenologisch onderzoek om verdeling hersenen te bepalen
→ hoe zitten de hersenen in elkaar en hoe kunnen ze taal produceren?
Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model = op basis van laesies
van patiënten
→ problemen: geen language epicenters, spatiële resolutie is
laag; meer axonenbundels zijn belangrijk voor taal, en geen
consistente definities van Broca’s/Wernicke’s area
→ arcuate fasiculus is AM
Afasie = verworven taalstoornis ten gevolgen van
hersenbeschadiging
→ symptomen + laesiegebied → neurale + cognitieve
architectuur van het taalsysteem
→ beschadigde gebied is nooit specifiek, niet gebonden aan
grenzen; verbindingen tussen gebieden ook beschadigd
● Broca’s afasie = problemen spraakproductie;
agrammatisme, versimpelde grammatica, telegraphic speech; niet-vloeiend; laesie in
M
● Wernicke’s afasie = empty speech, vloeiend; paragrammatisme; laesie in
posterieure superieure temporale gyrus, A
● Condcutie afasie = goed begrip, paragrammatische spraak; problemen met letterlijk
herhalen wat er wordt gezegd; laesie AM (self-monitoring)
Cognitieve revolutie olv Chomsky en Skinner → je hebt controle over hoe je reageert
,Neuroimaging heeft veel verschillende methoden; bijv. PET, MRI, EEG, TMS…
● Kunnen convergente evidentie geven = naar elkaar toe bewegend
● Kunnen complementaire evidentie geven = elkaar aanvullen
Anatomy
There are roughly 100 billion neurons in the human brain, about 30 billion of which are in the
cerebral cortex.
Neuronen - nucleus (kern); its shape specially designed for information transfer
● Dendrites = richly branching neural
structures that receive signals
● Axon = elongated branching neural
structure transmitting signals
● Myelin sheaths = fatty substances
insulating the acton to facilitate
signal propagation
● Nodes of Ranvier = small spaces
between myelin sheaths where
signals are renewed
● Terminal buttons = axonal
endpoints
● Synapses = gaps between terminal buttons and dendrites; between neurons
→ variation in size + shape of the neurons!
→ specialisation, sensory or motor
von Economo neurons = found in a few brain regions; connected to emotional processing,
self-awareness, social cognition, etc.; altered in many neuropsychiatric disorders; play a role
in the sense of one’s internal bodily state (= interoception)
Electrical currents moving through neurons
● passive conduction = passive flow of electrical currents from dendrites to body of a
neuron
● active conduction = neuron fires if a threshold is reached; gathered at ‘hillcock’ of
the neuron; recurrence of spikes at the nodes of Ranvier, signal traversing the entire
length of axon without fading
Actie potentiaal = impulse flowing down the axon after neuron fires; sudden change in
electrical properties; switch from negative to positive all-or-nothing
- Net charge inside neuron is more negative than that outside (default); -70 mV resting
intracellular potential; raising inner level to -50 mV, threshold is crossed → gates
open up → Na+ rushes in → electrical balance reverses, becoming more positive
inside than outside; sodium gates close → K+ gates open → current inside returns to
negative.
,20% van zuurstofrijk bloed gebruikt door neuronen; capillary bed in brains, width of
capillaries 10 micrometer
Impulse reaching terminal buttons of axon → neurotransmitters released, crossing
synaptic cleft → binding to particular receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitters binden zich aan receptoren op het postsynaptische neuron
If presynaptic neuron is excitatory, neurotransmitters make the postsynaptic neuron more
likely to fire; if presynaptic neuron is inhibitory, neurotransmitters make postsynaptic neuron
less likely to fire
Informatiecodering via ‘firing rate’ → hoe hoger, hoe sterker de representatie van de
informatie die het neuron weergeeft
Door middel van grote netwerken kan heel complexe informatie patronen worden
gerepresenteerd
Hierarchical coding networks in the brain are both bottom-up and top-down processes;
guidance by internally generated priorities and predictions
sagittal = section separating left and right sides of the brain; v.s. coronal = section
separating front from the back of the brain; vs. horizontal/axial/transverse = section
separating top from the bottom of the brain
● rostral/anterior = toward the front of the
brain
, ● caudal/posterior = toward the back of the brain
● dorsal/superior = toward the top of the brain
● ventral/inferior = toward the bottom of the brain
● lateral = toward the outer left or right side of the brain
● medial = toward the midline of the brain
Dorsaal = rugkant, boven Ventraal = buikkant, onder
Brainstem = essential for regulation of bodily homeostasis; portal for cranial nerves,
receiving sensory input from + sending to head and neck; 3 parts: medulla, pons, and
midbrain
Thalamus = egg-shaped structure at the top of the brainstem; one in each hemisphere,
routing input from sensory periphery + basal ganglia + cerebellum + amygdala to proper
cortical areas; maintaining reciprocal interactions with all parts of the cortex
→ most forms of perceptual input (except smell) pass through separate nucleus in thalamus
→ bidirectional!
Hippocampus = lies deep in temporal lobe; essential for establishment of long-term
declarative memory; one in each hemisphere
● Memory consolidation = hippocampus receiving a lot of convergent input from
cerebral cortex, processing input by registering spatiotemporal relations among
particular experiences, retaining complex patterns + transferring them back to original
cortical areas
Amygdala = almond-shaped structure at the anterior tip of the hippocampus; key role in
emotional processing; one in each hemisphere; crucial for rapidly assessing salience +
significance of stimuli → dangerous situations
Basal ganglia = set of interconnected nuclei → caudate putamen, globus pallidus, and
subthalamic nucleus; near thalamus; essential for unconscious acquisition, selection,
initiation, and cessation of habitual behaviours in motor + cognitive
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