Class notes
biology
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- Penn Foster College
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- Penn Foster College
Lecture notes of 63 pages for the course Penn Foster College at Penn Foster College (biology)
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BIO NOTES,b
- Bio chem- study of chemical reactions and
pathways of living cells and organisms.
● The carbon atom is important to biochemistry. Carbon forms the basis of life and is central
to the compounds and molecules that impact biological functions.
● Proteins control the structure and function of cells. They're made of different amino acid
combinations linked together.
● The primary structure is simply the connection of amino acid to form polypeptide chains.
● The secondary structure refers to the folded regions that occur when the amino acids are
combined due to interactions between atoms making up the amino acid backbone.
● The tertiary structure of a protein is its three-dimensional shape, largely driven by
hydrophobic (water-repelling) areas of the protein that prefer to be buried in the inside of
a cell structure
,Nucleic Acids
Are composed of nucleotides- 3 components
1. A 5 carbon sugar (ribose)
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
RNA and DNA MAJOR CLASSES - nuclei acids
DNA Carrie’s genetic information such as
Cell type
Cell function
When the cell will grow or divide
How the cell will make the lipids, carbohydrates, enzymes, and other molecules it and the
organisms to survive
, Cell Discovery
multiple cellular-level processes are happening simultaneously
Cell theory six primary tenets
1. All living organisms are made of cell
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. All the cells arise if preexisting cells
4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell
5. All cells have the same basic chemical composition
6. Energy ow occurs within cells
All organisms are composed of cells, and every cell shares at least four key components.
1. Every cell has a plasma membrane that separates the cell's interior environment from its
exterior environment.
2. Every cell has cytosol, a jelly-like uid in which intracellular organelles are suspended.
Organelles are specialized cellular structures that have speci c functions within the cell.
The space within the cell that contains the cytosol is called cytoplasm.
3. Every cell contains chromosomes that carry genes in the form of DNA.
4. Every cell also contains ribosomes, which synthesize proteins.
cells can be divided into two major categories—prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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