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Economie A - 18/20 samenvatting-handelwetenschappen 1STE bachelor
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ECONOMIE AStudiepunten: 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ECONOMIE A ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1
DEEL 1: BASISCONCEPTEN ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
HOOFDSTUK 1 WAT IS ECONOMIE? WAT DOET DE ECONOOM? ............................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Keuze, afruil en opportuniteitskost ................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1.1 Opportuniteitskost ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2 Economische winst ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Kosten tegenover baten, shortcuts of marginale analyse............................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 Marginaliteit ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.2 Mental shortcuts ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 Het gebruik van modellen en aannames ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.3.1 Ceteris paribus .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.3.2 Perfecte informatie .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Het eerste model: de grens van de productiemogelijkheden ........................................................................................ 11
1.5 Het tweede model: de economische kringloop ............................................................................................................. 13
1.5.1 Eenvoudige economische kringloop ......................................................................................................................................... 13
1.5.2 Uitgebreide economische kringloop......................................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 De holistische visie van Kate Raworth........................................................................................................................... 14
1.6.1 Aanpassing aan het klassiek model .......................................................................................................................................... 14
HOOFDSTUK 2 HET INDIVIDU IN DE ECONOMIE ................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1 De klassieke school ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 De neoklassieke school ................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.3 De keynesiaanse school ................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.4 Jason Hickel: “Less is more” (2021) ............................................................................................................................... 18
HOOFDSTUK 3 VOORDELEN VAN SAMENWERKING ............................................................................................................................ 21
3.1 Evidente samenwerking ................................................................................................................................................ 21
3.2 Absolute en comparatieve voordelen ........................................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Productiemogelijkheden en de baten van specialisatie ................................................................................................ 22
DEEL 2: VRAAG EN AANBOD ....................................................................................................................................................25
HOOFDSTUK 4 VRAAG, AANBOD EN MARKTEVENWICHT ..................................................................................................................... 25
4.1 De vraag........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
4.1.1 De wet van de vraag ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1.2 Het vraagschema van de vraag ................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1.3 Individuele vraag en marktvraag .............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1.4 Verandering van de vraag en veranderingen van de gevraagde hoeveelheid ......................................................................... 26
4.2 Het aanbod ................................................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1 De wet van het aanbod ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
ECONOMIE A – SEM 1 1
, 4.2.2 Het aanbodschema en de aanbodcurve ................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.3 Individuele aanbod en marktaanbod........................................................................................................................................ 28
4.2.4 Verandering van het aanbod en veranderingen van de aangeboden hoeveelheid ................................................................. 28
4.3 Marktevenwicht ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
4.3.1 Bepaling van het marktevenwicht ............................................................................................................................................ 29
4.3.2 Veranderingen van het marktevenwicht .................................................................................................................................. 30
4.3.3 Wet van Davenant-King ............................................................................................................................................................ 31
HOOFDSTUK 5 ELASTICITEITEN ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................................ 32
5.2 Prijselasticiteit van de vraag ......................................................................................................................................... 32
5.2.1 Elastische en onelastische vraag .............................................................................................................................................. 34
5.2.2 Prijselasticiteit en de lineaire vraagcurve ................................................................................................................................. 35
5.2.3 Prijselasticiteit en de omzet ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.2.4 Uitzonderingen ......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.3 Inkomenselasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................................................ 36
5.3.1 De wet van Engel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.4 Kruisprijselasticiteit van de vraag ................................................................................................................................. 38
5.4.1 Soorten goederen en kruisprijselasticiteit ................................................................................................................................ 38
5.5 De prijselasticiteit van het aanbod ............................................................................................................................... 39
5.5.1 Elastisch en onelastisch aanbod ............................................................................................................................................... 40
DEEL 3: WELVAART EN OVERHEIDSINGRIJPEN .........................................................................................................................41
HOOFDSTUK 6 WELVAART ........................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1 Welvaartseconomie ...................................................................................................................................................... 41
6.1.1 De onzichtbare hand ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
6.2 Welvaart van de consument ......................................................................................................................................... 42
6.2.1 Impact prijswijzigingen op CS ................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.3 Welvaart van de producent .......................................................................................................................................... 43
6.3.1 impact prijswijzigingen op PS ................................................................................................................................................... 43
6.4 Welvaart op de markt ................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.1 Totale welvaart op de markt .................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.2 Marktefficiëntie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 44
6.4.3 Deadweight loss ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.4.4 Efficiëntie .................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
HOOFDSTUK 7 GEVOLGEN VAN OVERHEIDSINGREPEN ........................................................................................................................ 45
DEEL 4 – DE GEZINNEN ............................................................................................................................................................46
HOOFDSTUK 8 GEZINNEN CONSUMEREN......................................................................................................................................... 46
8.1 Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................................ 46
8.1.1 Goederenbundel & consument ................................................................................................................................................ 47
8.2 Budgetbeperking........................................................................................................................................................... 47
8.2.1 Budgetlijn.................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
8.3 Voorkeuren (of preferenties)......................................................................................................................................... 48
8.4 Indifferentiecurve.......................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.4.1 Grafische afleiding van de indifferentiecurve........................................................................................................................... 49
8.4.2 Kenmerken van een indifferentiecurve .................................................................................................................................... 49
ECONOMIE A – SEM 1 2
, 8.5 Keuze van de gezinnen: algemeen evenwicht ............................................................................................................... 50
8.6 Wijzigingen in het algemeen evenwicht ....................................................................................................................... 50
8.6.1 Wijzigingen in het budget ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
8.6.2 Wijziging in de prijzen (prijsstijging) ......................................................................................................................................... 51
8.7 Afleiding van de vraagcurve ......................................................................................................................................... 52
HOOFDSTUK 9 GEZINNEN BIEDEN ARBEID AAN ................................................................................................................................. 52
9.1 De budgetlijn ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
9.2 De voorkeuren en de keuze van de gezinnen: algemeen evenwicht ............................................................................. 53
9.3 Wijziging in het reële loon ............................................................................................................................................ 54
9.4 Afleiding van de aanbodcurve ...................................................................................................................................... 54
DEEL 5 – DE PRODUCENT .........................................................................................................................................................55
HOOFDSTUK 10 BASISBEGRIPPEN PRODUCTIE .................................................................................................................................... 55
10.1 Productie en productiefactoren .................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2 Schematische voorstelling productieproces .................................................................................................................. 55
10.3 De productiefuntie ........................................................................................................................................................ 56
10.3.1 De traditionele productiefunctie op KT .................................................................................................................................... 56
10.4 Productiviteit................................................................................................................................................................. 57
10.4.1 Gemiddelde productiviteit ....................................................................................................................................................... 57
10.4.2 Marginale productiviteit ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
10.4.3 De wet op de toe- en afnemende marginale productiviteit ..................................................................................................... 58
HOOFDSTUK 11 DE OPTIMALE FACTORCOMBINATIE ............................................................................................................................ 59
11.1 De productie-isoquant .................................................................................................................................................. 59
11.2 Iso-kostenlijn ................................................................................................................................................................. 60
11.3 Optimale factorkeuze.................................................................................................................................................... 60
HOOFDSTUK 12 DE PRODUCTIEKOSTEN ............................................................................................................................................ 61
12.1 Vaste, variabele en totale (gemiddelde) kosten ........................................................................................................... 61
12.1.1 Verloop vaste, variabele en totale kosten ................................................................................................................................ 61
12.1.2 Verloop gemiddelde kosten ..................................................................................................................................................... 62
12.2 Marginale kosten .......................................................................................................................................................... 62
12.2.1 Verloop MK-curve..................................................................................................................................................................... 63
12.2.2 Verloop MK versus de TVK en TK.............................................................................................................................................. 63
12.3 Kostenverloop op lange termijn .................................................................................................................................... 64
12.3.1 Hoezo geen constante kosten op KT?....................................................................................................................................... 64
12.4 Schaaleffecten .............................................................................................................................................................. 65
DEEL 6 – MARKTVORMEN........................................................................................................................................................66
INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 66
HOOFDSTUK 13 PERFECTE CONCURRENTIE ........................................................................................................................................ 67
13.1.1 Basiskenmerken perfecte concurrentie.................................................................................................................................... 67
13.2 Opbrengsten, winstmaximalisatie en de aanbodcurve van de individuele producent .................................................. 67
13.2.1 Opbrengsten ............................................................................................................................................................................. 67
13.2.2 De productiebeslissing.............................................................................................................................................................. 68
13.2.3 Economisch verlies … (tijdelijk) sluiten of niet?........................................................................................................................ 69
13.2.4 De individuele aanbodcurve ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
ECONOMIE A – SEM 1 3
, 13.2.5 Producentensurplus op kT ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
13.2.6 Break-evenhoeveelheid ............................................................................................................................................................ 71
13.2.7 Hoeveelheid en vooropgestelde winst ..................................................................................................................................... 71
13.3 De marktuitkomst op korte termijn .............................................................................................................................. 71
13.3.1 Goede, slechte en normale tijden op KT .................................................................................................................................. 72
13.4 Marktuitkomst op LT .................................................................................................................................................... 72
13.5 Is perfecte concurrentie efficiënt?................................................................................................................................. 73
HOOFDSTUK 14 MONOPOLIE ......................................................................................................................................................... 74
Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
14.1 Vormen van monopolies ............................................................................................................................................... 75
14.2 Hoe onstaan monopolies? ............................................................................................................................................ 75
14.3 Opbrengsten, winstmaximalisatie en het gedrag van de monopolist........................................................................... 76
14.3.1 P en TO van de monopolist....................................................................................................................................................... 76
14.3.2 P, Go en MO van de monopolist ............................................................................................................................................... 77
14.3.3 Productiebeslissing en winst monopolist ................................................................................................................................. 77
14.4 Monopolie en welvaart ................................................................................................................................................. 78
14.5 Marktmacht en prijsdiscriminatie ................................................................................................................................. 78
14.5.1 Perfecte prijsdiscriminatie ........................................................................................................................................................ 79
14.5.2 Prijsdiscriminatie van de tweede orde ..................................................................................................................................... 80
14.5.3 Prijsdiscriminatie van de derde orde ........................................................................................................................................ 80
14.6 Wat kunnen we leren uit de analyse van de monopolist? ............................................................................................ 80
HOOFDSTUK 15 MONOPOLISTISCHE CONCURRENTIE ........................................................................................................................... 81
15.1 Inleiding en eigenschappen........................................................................................................................................... 81
15.2 Opbrengsten, winstmaximalisatie en monopolistische concurrentie op KT ................................................................. 81
15.2.1 Vraag naargoed individuele producentMC ................................................................................................................................ 81
15.2.2 productiebeslissing en resultaat producentMC op KT ............................................................................................................... 82
15.3 productiebeslissing en resultaat producentMC op LT ..................................................................................................... 82
15.4 MC en PC vergeleken in het LT-evenwicht .................................................................................................................... 83
15.5 Welvaart bij monopolistische concurrentie .................................................................................................................. 84
HOOFDSTUK 16 OLIGOPOLIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 84
16.1 Inleiding en eigenschappen........................................................................................................................................... 84
16.2 Evenwicht, strategische interactie en speltheorie ........................................................................................................ 85
16.2.1 Strategische interactie .............................................................................................................................................................. 85
16.2.2 Evenwicht ................................................................................................................................................................................. 85
16.2.3 Speltheorie ............................................................................................................................................................................... 86
16.3 Collusie, kartel en prijsleiderschap ................................................................................................................................ 87
16.3.1 Soorten oligopolies ................................................................................................................................................................... 87
16.3.2 Collusie/kartel........................................................................................................................................................................... 87
16.3.3 Prijsleiderschap......................................................................................................................................................................... 88
SAMENVATTING MARKTVORMEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 88
HOOFDSTUK 17 TWEE- EN MEERZIJDIGE MARKTEN ............................................................................................................................. 89
DEEL 7 – DE OVERHEID ............................................................................................................................................................89
INLEIDING: WAT IS DE ROL VAN DE OVERHEID IN DE ECONOMIE? .................................................................................................................. 89
ECONOMIE A – SEM 1 4
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