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Samenvatting tentamenstof correlationele onderzoeksmethoden

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Deze samenvatting omvat de tentamenstof voor de cursus correlationele onderzoeksmethoden, te volgen als onderdeel van het tweede jaar van de bachelor psychologie te Tilburg University. Voorkennis bestaat uit de geworven kennis uit de cursussen Methodenleer en Inleiding Tot De Statistiek. De verschi...

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  • January 15, 2025
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  • 2024/2025
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CORRELATIONELE
ONDERZOEKSMETHODE
Bachelor psychologie; jaar 2; periode 2




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, INHOUD
Inhoudsopgave
INHOUD......................................................................................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTIE................................................................................................................................................ 6

MODULE 1: INLEIDING................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Interferentiële Statistiek.................................................................................................................................7
1.1.1 Een Voorbeeld: Nulhypothese Significantie Testen................................................................................7
1.2 Pearsons Correlatie........................................................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Correlatie In Een Steekproef...................................................................................................................8
1.2.2 Interpretatie Van De Correlatie Als Effectgrootte...................................................................................9
1.2.3 Overige Relaties......................................................................................................................................9
1.2.4 Het Toetsen Van De Correlatie Coëfficiënt.............................................................................................9
1.3 Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen En Steekproeffluctuaties...............................................................................10
1.3.1 Standaardfout En Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen..................................................................................10

MODULE 2: CORRELATIECOEFFICIENT EN ENKELVOUDIGE LINEAIRE REGRESSIEANALYSE................................12
2.1 Aannames Bij Het Toetsen Van Een Correlatiecoëfficiënt............................................................................12
2.1.1 Gekwadrateerde Correlatie..................................................................................................................12
2.1.2 Correlatie..............................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse......................................................................................................12
2.2.1 Stap Een Van Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse.........................................................................13
2.2.2 Stap Twee Van Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse......................................................................13
2.2.3 Stap Drie Van Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse........................................................................14
2.3 Statistische Power En Kans Kapitalisatie......................................................................................................14
2.3.1 Statistische Power.................................................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Kans Kapitalisatie..................................................................................................................................15

MODULE 3: b EN  & DE ANOVA TABEL........................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Gestandaardiseerde Regressie Coëfficiënt 1.................................................................................................16
3.1.1 B En . .....................................................................................................................................................16
3.2 ANOVA Tabel In SPSS....................................................................................................................................17
3.2.1 F-Toets...................................................................................................................................................17
3.4 Decompositie Van Totale Variantie..............................................................................................................18
3.4.1 R Kwadraat Of R2...................................................................................................................................18
3.5 Andere Vormen Van Statisitek: Bayesiaanse Statistiek................................................................................18

MODULE 4: MULTIPELE REGRESSIE I............................................................................................................. 20
4.1 Wanneer Gebruiken We Multipele Regressie?.............................................................................................20
4.1.1 Controle................................................................................................................................................20
4.1.2 Theorie..................................................................................................................................................20
4.1.3 Voorspellen...........................................................................................................................................20
4.2 Multipele Regressiemodel Met Twee Predictoren........................................................................................20
4.2.1 Conceptueel Model..............................................................................................................................20
4.2.2 Regressiemodel.....................................................................................................................................21


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, 4.3 Assumpties Van Multipele Regressie............................................................................................................21
4.3.1 Homoscedasticiteit...............................................................................................................................21
4.3.2 Geen Interactie Tussen X1 En X2............................................................................................................21

MODULE 5: MULTIPELE REGRESSIE II............................................................................................................ 22
5.1 Het Lineaire Multipele Regressiemodel........................................................................................................22
5.1.1 Hoe Ziet Het Geschatte Model Eruit?...................................................................................................22
5.1.2 Hoe Goed Verklaart Het Hele Model Verschillen in de afhankelijke variabele?...................................22
5.1.3 Hoe Goed Voorspelt Elke Predictor Afzonderlijk?................................................................................23

MODULE 6: MULTIPELE REGRESSIE III........................................................................................................... 25
6.1 Hypothese Testen Versus Schatten...............................................................................................................25
6.2 Statistische Significantie Versus Praktische Significantie.............................................................................25
6.3 Multipele Lineaire Regressie Analyse Als Uitgangspunt..............................................................................25
6.3.1 Waarvoor Gebruiken We Het?..............................................................................................................25
6.3.2 Multiple Regressieanalyse Output Van SPSS........................................................................................26

MODULE 7: MULTIPELE REGRESSIE IV........................................................................................................... 28
7.1Modellen Met Meerdere Predictoren: Standard Regression Analysis..........................................................28
7.1.1 vraag 1: hoe ziet het model eruit?........................................................................................................28
7.1.3 Vraag 2: Hoe Groot Is De Verklaarde Variantie?...................................................................................28
7.1.4 Vraag 3: Hoe Groot Is Het Partiele Effect Van Elke Predictor?..............................................................28
7.1.5 Vraag 4: Wat Is De Toegevoegde Waarde Van Elke Predictor Boven Op Andere Aanwezige
Predictoren?..................................................................................................................................................29
7.2 Vergelijking Van Geneste Modellen..............................................................................................................29
7.2.1 Waarvoor Gebruik Met Geneste Modellen?........................................................................................29
7.2.2 De Modelvergelijkingstoets..................................................................................................................29
7.2.3 R-Square Toets T.O.V Het 0-Model........................................................................................................30
7.3 Hiërarchische Regressieanalyse...................................................................................................................30
7.4 Adjusted R-Square........................................................................................................................................31

MODULE 8: MULTIPELE REGRESSIE MET DUMMIES.......................................................................................32
8.1 Modellen Met Categorische Predictoren......................................................................................................32
8.1.1 Dummy’s...............................................................................................................................................32
8.1.2 Categorische Variabelen.......................................................................................................................32
8.2 Multipele Regressie Met Een Binaire Categorische Predictor......................................................................32
8.2.1 Independent Samples T-Test.................................................................................................................32
8.2.2 Multipele Regressie..............................................................................................................................33
8.3 Categorische En Continue (Kwantitatieve) Predictor Samen........................................................................34
8.3.1 Stap 1: Algemene En Alternatieve Model.............................................................................................34
8.3.2 Stap 2: Regressiemodel Schatten En Verklaren....................................................................................34
8.3.3 Part En Partiele Relaties........................................................................................................................34
8.4 Multipele Regressie Met Een Categorische Predictor Met Meerdere Antwoordcategorieën......................35
8.4.1 Dummy Variabelen En Dummy Codering.............................................................................................35

MODULE 9: INTERACTIES MET CATEGORISCHE VARIABELEN..........................................................................36
9.1Wat Zijn Interactie-Effecten?.........................................................................................................................36
9.1.1 Conceptueel Model Met Interactie......................................................................................................36
9.2 Modelleren En Toetsen Van Interactie-Effecten...........................................................................................36
9.2.1 conceptueel model...............................................................................................................................36


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, 9.2.2 Interactie Tussen Continue En Categorische (Binaire) Predictoren......................................................36
9.2.2 Interactie Tussen Continue Variabelen En Nominale Variabelen Met Meerdere Categorieën............38
9.3 Toetsen Van Simple Effecten.........................................................................................................................38
9.3.1 Twee Methoden....................................................................................................................................38

MODULE 10: MODERATIE EN MULTICOLLINEARITEIT.....................................................................................39
10.1 Herhaling: Dummy’s En Interacties............................................................................................................39
10.2 Moderatie, Mediatie En ‘Common Cause’.................................................................................................39
10.3 Modelleren Van Interactie Tussen Continue Onafhankelijke Variabele.....................................................39
10.3.1 Stap 1: Centreren................................................................................................................................39
10.3.2 Stap 2: Bereken De Productvariabele.................................................................................................39
10.3.3 Stap 3: Voer De Regressieanalyse Uit.................................................................................................39
10.3 Interpreteren Van Significante Interacties: Probing...................................................................................39
10.4 Multicollineariteit.......................................................................................................................................40
10.4.1 Wat Is Multicollineariteit En Waarom Is Het Een Probleem?.............................................................40
10.4.2 Multicollineariteit Komt In Gradaties.................................................................................................40
10.4.3 Opsporen Van Multicollineariteit.......................................................................................................40
10.4.4 Mogelijke Oplossingen........................................................................................................................40

MODULE 11: BINAIRE LOGISTISCHE REGRESSIE I........................................................................................... 41
11.1 Keuze Van Statistische Techniek.................................................................................................................41
11.2 Regressieanalyse Met Binaire Afhankelijke Variabele...............................................................................41
11.2.1 Lineaire Agressie.................................................................................................................................41
11.2.2 Logistische Regressieanalyse..............................................................................................................41
11.3 Voorspellen Van Kansen/Logistische Functie.............................................................................................42
11.3.1 Kansen, Odds En Logit........................................................................................................................42
1.3.2 Logistische Regressieanalyse SPSS........................................................................................................42

MODULE 12: BINAIRE LOGISTISCHE REGRESSIE II..........................................................................................44
12.1 Enkelvoudige Logistische Regressie............................................................................................................44
12.1.1 Betrouwbaarheidsinterval..................................................................................................................44
12.2 Multipele Logistische Regressie..................................................................................................................44
12.2.1 Binaire Predictoren.............................................................................................................................44
12.2.2 Categorische Predictoren Met Meer Dan Twee Categorieën.............................................................44
12.2.3 Interacties...........................................................................................................................................45
12.3 Significantie Toetsen...................................................................................................................................45
12.3.1 Toetsen Van Het Hele Model..............................................................................................................45
12.3.2 Toetsen Van Het Partiele Effect Van Een Afzonderlijke Predictor.......................................................45
12.3.3 Modelvergelijkingstoets/ Hiërarchische Analyse................................................................................46
12.4 Classificatie Tabellen..................................................................................................................................46
12.5 Pseudo R-Square Maten.............................................................................................................................46

FORMULEBLAD ALS OP HET TENTAMEN........................................................................................................ 48
Algemeen...........................................................................................................................................................48
Toetsen Van Correlatie Op Significantie.............................................................................................................48
Enkelvoudige Regressieanalyse..........................................................................................................................48
Formules Multipele Regressie............................................................................................................................48
Formules Logistische Regressie Analyse.............................................................................................................48

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,FORMULEBLAD VAN DE SAMENVATTING...................................................................................................... 50
MODULE 1..........................................................................................................................................................50
Beschrijvende Statistiek.................................................................................................................................50
Inferentiële Statistiek.....................................................................................................................................50
MODULE 2..........................................................................................................................................................50
Enkelvoudige Regressieanalyse.....................................................................................................................50
Statistische Power..........................................................................................................................................51
Kans Kapitalisatie...........................................................................................................................................51
MODULE 3..........................................................................................................................................................51
ANOVA tabel..................................................................................................................................................51
MODULE 4..........................................................................................................................................................52
MODULE 5..........................................................................................................................................................52
Regressiemodel..............................................................................................................................................52
Verklaarde Variantie......................................................................................................................................52
Partiele correlatie..........................................................................................................................................53
MODULE 6..........................................................................................................................................................53
MODULE 7..........................................................................................................................................................53
Hypothese Testen Voor Geneste Modellen...................................................................................................53
MODULE 9..........................................................................................................................................................54
MODULE 10........................................................................................................................................................54
Multicollineariteit..........................................................................................................................................54
MODULE 11 EN 12..............................................................................................................................................54
Toetsingsgrootheid........................................................................................................................................55




Dyde Vermeer

, INTRODUCTIE
Deze samenvatting omvat de tentamenstof voor de cursus correlationele
onderzoeksmethoden, te volgen als onderdeel van het tweede jaar van de bachelor
psychologie te Tilburg University. Voorkennis bestaat uit de geworven kennis uit de cursussen
Methodenleer en Inleiding Tot De Statistiek. De verschillende hoofstukken zijn opgedeeld
aan de hand van de volgorde van de hoorcollege’s van de cursus. Op de laatste pagina zal het
formuleblad worden ingevoegd die aangeboden is bij het tentamen in het studiejaar 2024 tot
2025.
Opmerking: vaak worden er concepten herhaald in de hoorcollege’s. in het geval van
herhaling zal het worden overgenomen uit een voorgande module (copy/paste). Het kan ook
zijn dat er wordt vermeld dat het concept in een eerdere module is behandeld, dan zal er
naar verwezen worden d.m.v. een koppeling. Het is belangrijk om deze concepten in zo’n
geval nogmaals door te nemen.




Dyde Vermeer

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