Detailed Grade 12 IEB Life Sciences DNA notes, crafted by a matriculant who achieved a Life Science Distinction. These thorough and easy-to-understand notes cover all essential topics, making complex concepts simple. Ideal for exam prep and mastering the IEB curriculum!
OleofDNA
aendiuangce si i iii the i i
esnereditaryinfointheformofgenes
I in
of
controlsfunctioning cells for of the
eachgenecarries code synthesis specificprotein
regulatesfunctioningof genes
onhereditarycharacteristics
passes
DNADNA
coding that
strands don't
code foranything structureof DNA
as in of
role regulationcontrol expression genes
important double
helix ribose
DNA
coding DNAis of
polymer made monomers
called Nucleotides ffff.pe tiffin Basepairs
and
lermineswhen where areswitchedon off
genes nitrogenousbase
otectsgenesfrommutotionsoneipscont.ro the
processor joinedformingthe
are likestructureheldtogether
ladder
OFTHEDNASTRUCTURE
DISCOVERY
JamesWatson Francis Crickformulate
FrederickGriffithdeterminesgenesconsistofDNAnotprotein TheprocessinwhichDNA anidenticalcopyofitself
makes
ErwinChargoffdetermines nondtbases Gocbases occurs
during of ellcycle
interphase the
c
RosalindFranklintakesxray photoofDNA3D
forcelldivisioneachchromosomesarecopiedsoeachnew
important
identical
daughter thesamenumberandtype
cellproducedcontains
differencebetweenDNA RNA a
i weakhydrogenbondsbetweenbasesbreak theDNAdouble
RNA helixunwinds
deoxffitose
ribose
sturgature 2eachoriginalDNAstrandservesas templateonwhichitscomplementis
built
2
doublehelix singlestranded
nitrogDose thymine uracil 3freenucleotidesbuild DNAstrandontoeachoftheoriginalDNA 4
equalratio anynoorratio byattachingtheircomplementarynitrogenousbases
strands
104
48 nucleus nucleus cytoplasm
4resultsintwoidenticalDNAmolecules
strand
original strand
new
, cationofRNA TypesofRNA
Aoccursinthenucleus cytoplasm MessengerRNAmRNA
ormspartoftheribosomes withunlimitednucleotides
strand
single
in
formed nucleoplasmDNA
codingstrandtemplate
carries from
code
g enetic in
DNA nucleus RibosomalRNArRNA TransferRNAtRNA
fractureofRNA totheribosomesinthe
c ytoplasm singlestrand that
singlestrand and
folds forms
loops
inglestranded
solymerwithnucleotidemonomers
transcription
y
siteofproteinsynthesis
f occursincytoplasm
anticodonexposed
picksup
bases
acids
amino in
occuronloop
and
cytoplasm takes
R sijarribose Adenine the
mRNAreads m essage DNAof them tothe for
ribosomes protein s ynthesis
P phosphate aGuanine in genetomakeaprotein translation
nitrogenousbase G cytosine from
moves nucleusribosomes
specific
to particularaminoacid
bosome of nucleotideattaches to phosphate
of another
onmRNAstrand
codon
every ontRNAwillmatchwiththeir
anticodons
itrogenousbasesoccurinanyno.fr ratio has complementaryanticodon on strand
codons mRNA
respective
ruledoesn'tapply
chargotts
3consecutivebasesonstrands on tRNAstrand rrnahelpstoformribosomeswhereproteinsare
ma
t.net
determine
eofproteinformed consecutivebases
NAinnucieusprovidesseneticcodethotdeterminesi.net
eosehh mint thing ious.mn.ciinfffeiiififiii'ences
code
basetripletsprovide
that
enzyme
olymerasecatalyst the
synthesises chains polymers
long of stop
CODON
toassembleDNA RNA
DNApolymerase RNApolymeraseused mRNA that
c odons
n
To
Transcription
opyingDNA thatcan'tleave
code the
nucleus
ntoaformthat.comeavenucleus
o ccursinnucieus
unbindsunwindshydrogen
swanelix bondsbreak
INAtemplateformsRNApolymerasecatalyses
and
reaction
puff Éc Gcc CAG AOC TAG
eefloatingRNAnucleotidesinnucleoplasmbuildcomplementary
iiio ÉÑ AGG Auc
RNA onDNAtemplateocin.it uocdon
strand m Coo Guo UCG codon
mRNA
ngle forms pulls
away fromDNA
template eaves
viaporestoribosomes
ucleus tRNA UCC GCC CAG AGC U A G anticodon
form
eporatedDNAstrandsjoinotwist.to helix
double
A l Ser Ile
Translation codeforopanicmraminoaf
RNAattachesto
ribosomeseachcodononmrnn.mil
NApicksup acid bringsto
amino nucleus by
Antibioticsfunction inhibiting
mplementarytRNA matchmRNA
a nticodons codon proteinsynthesisinbacteriapreventing
newcelldevelopment nofurthergrowth
by
son peptidebonds longpolypeptidechainsform protein
inoacids
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